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INTERRACIAL COOPERATION 

A Studtj of tlie Various Agencies Working in tlie Field of Social Welfare 



Compiled L>u 

W. D. WEATHERFORD 



PtiLlisLiecl Lij tlie 
Interracial Committee of tlie War Work Council oi Y. M. C. A. 



its' 

.(ol 



Yi 



CONTENTS 



1. Foreword. 

2. Educational. 

3. Social and Economic. 

4. Religious. 

5. Special work undertaken by typical cities. 

6. Work of the Y. M. C. A. in individual cities. 

7. Statement of Interracial Commission of the War Work Council of Y. M. C. A. 

8. Summary. 



C^r i 



f- 



/ 



■ 






FOREWORD 

This investigation was undertaken at the request of the Interracial Com- 
mission of the War Work Council of the Y. M. C. A. In the work undertaken 
by this Commission it was found that there was frequent duplication of effort 
and some fields of need were not touched at all. 

The method of investigation has been to get some one man in each state 
to list all agencies in that state working on Racial problems. Also to get a 
responsible person in every city of any importance to give a similar listing. 
In every case both a white and a colored man was requested to report. These 
men were requested to serve voluntarily and without compensation. It is but 
natural that some failed to send full information. The listing of agencies can- 
not, therefore, be exhaustive, but it is sufficiently full to give a clear conception 
of the type of work being undertaken. 

The report is divided into a number of heads, as follows: 

1. Educational. 

2. Social and Economic. 

3. Religious. 

4. Special Work Undertaken by Typical Cities. 

5. Work of the Young Men's Christian Association in Local Cities. 

6. Statement of the Interracial Commission of the War Work Council. 

I. Educational. 

The Foundations working for the advancement of training among colored 
people are by far the finest example of team work and cooperation to be 
found in any field of work. 

The General Education Board is helping a few institutions of higher 
learning and furnishing funds for State Supervisors of Rural Negro Schools. 
The Slater Board is concentrating on Normal schools, training institutes and 
'eacher training. The Jeanes Board is applying all its funds and efforts to 
I he rural school, to give better industrial training and more thorough uniform 
instruction to county Negro children. The Rosenwald fund is attempting to 
encourage communities in building better school houses, and the Phelp-Stokes 
Fund has made careful study and criticism of all educational institutions work- 
ing for the Negro. There is not one single instance of duplication, no lost 
motion, and the field is fairly well covered. 

There are just twb fields in which one would hope these Boards might 
give larger encouragement in the future: 

First: There is need for better medical training and nurse training in the 
South. There ought to be at least three Medical and Nurse training schools 
for Negroes which would compare favorably with any such institution in 
America for whites. Nashville, Tennessee, has a medical school— Meharry, 
which is doing wonderful work and has turned out three-fourths of all the 
Negro physicians practicing in the South. It should be greatly strengthened. 
There should be established somewhere in the Southwest another such institu- 
tion. Washington has Howard University, which should also be greatly 
strengthened. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Second: There should also be established a series of five or six real 
universities running from Austin, Texas, to New Orleans, Atlanta, Nashville, 
Richmond, with perhaps one in Arkansas and Missouri and one in the Caro- 
linas. 

The Boards have done wonderful work in initiating and stimulating in- 
terest among the colored people and much hope for the future can be found 
in this field. 

II. Social and Economic. 

In this field we have listed thirty-six agencies at work. Ten of these 
are predominantly white organizations working with the Negroes, and twenty- 
six are predominantly Negro organizations working for the advancement of 
the race. Here there is a decided amount of duplication and overlapping, due 
largely to the fact that the various agencies have never sat down together and 
mapped out a constructive program, wherein each should take its own responsi- 
bility and each should respect and support the work of the other. 

Thus among the organizations predominantly white, the Southern Sociologi- 
cal Congress, The Southern Publicity Committee, The University Commission, 
and the Mississippi Welfare League all have distinctive aims, and each has a 
special contribution to make; but there is duplication of effort which should 
be better coordinated. Also these agencies are in part being duplicated by 
the work of the Interracial Commission. There is need of fuller coordination. 

Among the organizations predominantly colored, one notices the Negro 
Society for Historical Research; the American Negro Academy; and the 
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, all three of which have 
distinctive aims in part, but are largely duplication of effort. It is altogether 
likely that thorough conference would reveal the fact that one organization 
could do all that the three are doing; could do it better, perhaps, and with 
one-half the present expenditure of money and energy. 

III. Religious. 

We have listed twenty-three national or semi-national organizations co- 
operating with the Negroes of the South in the development of religious life. 
This is by no means exhaustive, but it does give the principal Boards and 
their activities. 

Perhaps in no field has there been so much hard Work, so much deep in- 
terest, so much money and compassion spent. The Negro has a great debt 
of gratitude to these various agencies. 

It is to be noted that those Boards which are located in the North have 
reported larger sums of money spent than those located in the South. This 
is to be explained in part by two facts: first, that those agencies of the North 
have had much more available wealth, and secondly, that the local consitu- 
encies being located out of the South could not contribute direct to the Negro 
organizations. It is a well known fact that millions of dollars have been 
contributed by white church members of the South toward churches and 
schools which did not go through the hands of any church board, and hence 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



w 



„as never reported in statistical tables. However, that does not in any sense 
excuse the Southern churches for their niggardly contributions made to this 
great religious opportunity at their very doors. 

As in no other field we find here duplication and competition. In one 
Southern city we find four of the great denominations maintaining colleges: 
all independent, all unable to do the best work for lack of funds. Christian 
statesmanship should demand that all of these institutions be set down side by 
side; one doing the ministerial training, another the teacher training, another 
the academic work, etc. This would enable the four institutions to become a 
university instead of four struggling, inadequately equipped, poorly manned 
colleges, mostly given over to preparatory work. 

If each of the great denominational boards working in the field would 
concentrate on one great institution, putting enough money and influence into 
it to make it a real institution, the suggestion of a series of universities and 
medical colleges made in the paragraph on Education, could easily be fulfilled. 

Here as in no other field, there is lack of unified statesmanship, and yet 
here we would expect the spirit of Christ, which is the spirit of brotherhood 
and unity, to make cooperation the easiest. If the great denominations would 
do what the great educational boards have done — cooperate and never dupli- 
cate — the religious life of the Negro could be set forward a hundred years 
during the next decade. 

IV. Work in Typical Cities. 

One of the most encouraging features of the investigation has been to find 
the large amount of interest and initiative on the part of Chambers of Com- 
merce, civic clubs and local city organizations. We have listed a few of the 
cities where aggressive plans are in operation. It would be useless to list all 
cities, for these few will give sufficient material to suggest plans to any city 
not now working at this program. Other cities sent reports, but they were 
either meagre or duplications of some of the plans here listed. 

V. Summary of Work Undertaken by the Y. M. C. A. in Various Cities. 

The Young Men's Christian Association has a colored men's department, 
and many cities now have industrial or other secretaries among its employed 
workers. These industrial secretaries for colored men are usually colored 
and are helping to bring about a much better feeling between employer and 
employed wherever they work. Other cities undertake similar work. 

VI. Statement of the War Work Council of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association, under whose auspices this investigation has been 
made. The statement is entirely self-explanatory. 

VII. Summary. 

This study has revealed several places of great need and corresponding 
neglect. The need for a system of higher education has already been suggested. 
Another field which is most inadequately manned is that of the Negroes' health. 
The Red Cross and other agencies are doing much, but far more must be done. 



8 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



There must be more trained physicians and dentists. There must be more 
graduate nurses. If the Red Cross or some other organization would concen- 
trate on putting a trained colored nurse in all the 759 Southern counties 
where the Negroes are numerous, it would render an unparalelled service to 
the white people as well as to the Negro of the South. Some organization 
must undertake this task in cooperation with the state and national health 
authorities. There is also pressing need for more hospitals, particularly for 
tuberculosis patients. It is estimated that 600,000 of the present Negro popula- 
tion will die of tuberculosis, and there are comparatively few hospitals in 
the South which are prepared to take these patients. Some organizations 
should concentrate on encouraging this phase of work. 

The study suggests the advisability of a conference of the heads of all 
agencies working in the field in order that a comprehensive and statsmanlike 
program may be laid out. 

It reveals, also, the need of a central clearing house of facts and investiga- 
tions. This could possibly best be met by the establishment of a Chair of 
Race Relations in some educational institution. The professor in this chair 
should be charged with the responsibility of keeping aware of all work being 
done, studying constructive programs, furnishing study sillibi, and acting as 
a storehouse of information for all who are attempting to work at the task. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



EDUCATIONAL— National 

General Education Board. 

The John F. Slater Fund. 

The Phelps-Stokes Fund. 

Rosenwald Rural School House Building Fund. 

Anna T. Jeanes Foundation. 

Carnegie Foundation. 

National Association for Teachers of Colored Schools. 

EDUCATIONAL— State 

State Supervisors of Rural Negro Schools. 
State Department of Education— Georgia. 
Department of Education — Arkansas. 
State Department of Education — North Carolina. 
Department of Education — South Carolina. 



10 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 

INTER-RACIAL SURVEY 
Educational 

General Education Board* 

The following are the officers of the General Education Board: 

Wallace Buttrick, President 61 Broadway, New York City 

Abraham Flexner, Secretary 61 Broadway, New York City 

Trevor Arnett, Secretary 61 Broadway, New York City 

E. C. Sage, Assistant Secretary 61 Broadway, New York City 

L. G. Myers, Treasurer 61 Broadway, New York City 

L. B. Dashiell, Assistant Treasurer 61 Broadway, New York City 

The General Education Board was founded January 15, 1902, by John 
D. Rockefeller, and incorporated by Act of Congress on January 12, 1903, 
"for promotion of education within the United States of America, without 
distinction of race, sex or creed." 

By the terms of its charter the Board is empowered to assist in the im- 
provement of primary schools, industrial schools, technical schools, normal 
schools, training schools for teachers, institutions of higher learning, and 
schools of any other grade. In 1905 Mr. Rockefeller gave $10,000,000 to the 
Board as a permanent endowment, and in 1907 he gave a further sum of 
.$32,000,000, one-third of which was to be added to the permanent endowment 
of the Board, and two-thirds to be applied to such specific objects as Mr. 
Rockefeller or his son might designate. In 1909 Mr. Rockefeller added 
$10,000,000 more, bringing the total donation up to $53,000,000. In 1919 he 
added $20,000,000 for medical education and $50,000,000 to the general fund. 

The Board has two objectives in its work, namely, cooperation with 
Southern states in building up an adequately supported system of public 
schools, including the training of teachers; cooperation with religious denom- 
inations and societies in the maintenance of secondary schools and colleges, 
and strengthening of a few privately supported institutions. It also works 
through three methods: Publicity, local organizations and paid agents. In its 
publicity department the secretary issues a report annually, and through its 
local organizations the Board makes contributions in the field of public educa- 
tion through the State Superintendents of Education. It deals with colleges 
and other educational institutions through their executives and controlling 
boards. The Board has also made contributions to the Jeanes Fund and the 
Slater Fund to extend certain work of these funds. 

The Board is doing an extensive work for the education of the Negroes 
in the Southern states. In the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, 
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia, the Board is cooperating with the State Depart- 
ments of Education in the development of better schools and economic and social 
conditions in rural sections. The undertaking is in charge of State Agents for 
Negro Rural Schools, whose salaries and traveling expenses are paid by the Gen- 
eral Education Board. These agents are in close touch and cooperate sympathet- 
ically with county superintendents of education, the colored people themselves, 
and various other agencies whose work is of a similar nature. A definite pro- 
gram of improvement has been outlined for every state in which this work 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION II 



is being conducted. To June 30, 1919, $311,136 has been appropriated for 
this work. In addition to the foregoing the Board has provided by appropria- 
tion $165,000 for the rehabilitation of the plant of Morehouse College, Atlanta, 
Georgia. In addition to the regular executive officers, the Board employs Mr. 
Jackson Davis, of Richmond, Virginia, as a general field agent who devotes 
his entire time to Negro education. 

The General Education Board is assisting the Negro Rural School Fund, 
the Anna T. Jeanes Foundation, to enlarge its work of assisting counties in em- 
ploying competent supervising industrial teachers. Dr. James H. Dillard, 
President of the Jeanes Foundation, is directing this phase of work. To June 
30,1919, the General Education Board contributed to the Jeanes Fund $83,900. 

For three years the General Educational Board has cooperated with the 
John F. Slater Fund and public school officials in the Southern states in the 
development of county training schools for Negroes. These schools are doing, 
or propose to do as soon as possible, two or three years of high school work, 
offering in the graduating class a simple course in Teacher Training. The 
purpose is to provide a good Negro school, centrally located and supported 
by public funds, where may be trained a number of young men and women 
to teach in the small rural schools. The amount appropriated to June 30, 1919, 
to assist in providing equipment and in building teachers' homes was $111,087. 
The number of County Training Schools thus aided has increased since 1915 
from 12 to 75. 

For the session 1917-18, complete reports from the County Training 
Schools show a total of 295 teachers and an enrollment of 13,931 pupils, 895 
of whom are in the high school grades. In connection with these schools, the 
living conditions of teachers employed have been improved. Homes have 
been built or are under construction at 21 county training schools, a portion 
of the sum contributed by the General Education Board having been applied 
toward the cost of these buildings. The chief aim of these homes is to make 
living conditions more attractive to good teachers. Such homes serve also 
as examples to the people of the surrounding communities. 

For several years past the General Education Board has made limited 
contributions to selected schools for Negro people for their current expenses. 
In a few instances, however, contributions have been made toward the cost 
of new buildings. For the year ended June 30, 1919, contributions to the 
following institutions have been made: 

Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga $ 5,000.00 

Calhoun Colored Schools, Calhoun, Ala 10,000.00 

Colored Graded School, Talladega, Ala 2,500.00 

Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn 28,660.00 

Fort Valley High & Industrial School, Fort Valley, Ga 3,500.00 

Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va 25,000.00 

Lane College, Jackson, Tenn 7,000.00 

Manassas Industrial School, Manassas, Va 2,000.00 

Morehouse College, Atlanta, Ga., for current expenses 16,200.00 

Penn Normal & Industrial School, Frogmore, St. Helena Is., S. C. . . 6,000.00 
Slater Industrial & State Normal School, Winston-Salem, N. C, 

For buildings 12,500.00 



12 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Spelman Seminary, Atlanta, Ga 33,000.00 

St. Augustine's School, Raleigh, N. C 2,000.00 

Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Ala '• • 25,000.00 

Virginia Normal & Industrial Institute, Petersburg, Va 500.00 

Total $178,860.00 

The General Education Board through the State Departments of Education, 
in 1918 aided 59 summer schools for Negro teachers. These schools were 
manned by 478 instructors, and 6,157 teachers were enrolled. The term 
ranged from four to six weeks. The purpose was to strengthen the teachers 
in service in their academic and industrial work and to enlist their coopera- 
tion in various forms of community work, such as food conservation, Red 
Cross, Moonlight Schools for Illiterates, etc. To June 30, 1919, $31,208 was 
appropriated, of which $12,200 was for the current year. 

In 1917 the General Education Board defrayed the traveling expenses 
of a group of 123 Negro teachers from nine states in attending the Hampton 
Institute Summer School. These teachers were carefully chosen by the State 
Agents for Negro Rural Schools. Of the whole number, 42 were from County 
Training Schools, 54 were supervising industrial teachers, and 18 were 
matrons in charge of the dormitory life of boys and girls in boarding schools 
under church or state control. The others were mostly principals of im- 
portant public schools. 

Hampton gave carefully planned courses suited to the needs of each group. 
The results were so encouraging that similar aid was extended to 200 teachers 
representing the same group from eleven states in 1918. 

The building of rural school houses stimulated by the aid of Mr. Julius 
Rosenwald, through Tuskegee Institute, has emphasized the need of better 
trained teachers to man these new buildings. In 1918 local efforts were made 
to extend the term of these schools, increase the salaries, and otherwise make 
them more attractive to the best teachers. The General Education Board 
offered to defray the traveling expenses of teachers in the Rosenwald schools 
to Tuskegee Institute for the summer school of six weeks. More than 200 
teachers from nine states availed themselves of this opportunity. They were 
given courses designed to strengthen them as rural teachers and leaders. 

The John F. Slater Fund. 

The following are the executive officers: 

James H. Dillard, President Charlottesville, Va. 

Richard H. Williams, Vice President 1 Broadway, New York 

Miss G. C. Mann, Secretary Charlottesville, Va. 

Metropolitan Trust Co., Treasurer New York City 

The Slater Fund was created in 1882, because of the need for the educa- 
tion of colored people. Its objectives are the promotion of normal and 
industrial work in colored schools and colleges, and the establishment of public 
county training schools. Its field of activity lies in the Southern states, and 
its fund is obtained from endowment. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 13 



Beginning with the session 1911-12, at the request of four county superin- 
tendents, the Slater Fund aided in establishing the first so-called County 
Training Schools. One of the four established in that year failed to comply 
with conditions and dropped out; but the plan met with general approval 
and the number of schools has increased from year to year. 

From the first the proposition of the Slater Board has been to appropriate 
a year for salaries of teachers on the following conditions: 

1. The school property shall belong to the state, county or district, and 
the school shall be a part of the public school system. 

2. There shall be an appropriation for salaries of not less than $750 from 
public funds raised by state, county, or district taxation. 

3. The teaching shall extend through the eighth year, with the intention 
of adding at least two years as soon as it shall be possible to make such 
extension. 

During the past year (1919) the John F. Slater Fund has contributed 
$39,000 for the salaries of teachers employed in County Training Schools, 
while the states have expended from public tax funds $138,000 for buildings 
and improvements and $135,000 for salaries. In addition the Negroes mani- 
fested their interest by liberal contributions. 



The number of County Training Schools helped for the Session of 1918-19 
was 70. 

Amount contributed by the Slater Fund for year 1918-18 $39,037 

Amount contributed by the General Education Board for building 

and equipment $13,918 

Amount spent by Counties (from public tax funds) for all purposes. .$131,658 

Number of pupils above the seventh grade 1,130 

Number of County Training Schools helped for 1919-20 107 

The Phelps-Stokes Fund — Washington, D. C. 

OFFICERS 

I. N. Phelps-Stokes, Chairman 100 William St., New York City 

Anson Phelps-Stokes, Secretary Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 

Thos. Jesse Jones, Educational Director. .McLachlen Bldg., Washington, D. C. 

This Fund was created in 1911, as a gift from Miss Caroline 
Phelps-Stokes, made available at her death, with the object of educational 
adaptation of schools for the Indians and for the Negroes in the United 
States and Africa, and for public schools in the United States. Its publicity 
is carried on by issuing reports, holding conferences and general statements 
to the public. It cooperates with schools and church boards. It employs an 
Educational Director, Associate Director, and a Specialist in School Accounts. 
Its territory embraces the United States and Africa, and supplies its own funds 
for working. This fund has cooperated with several educational institutions, 
notably, University of Virginia and the University of Georgia, through 



14 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



scholarships in making advanced investigations of conditions of Negro life. 
It has helped in securing good library facilities for the advanced study of 
the Negro problem at George Peabody College and at the Blue Ridge Asso- 
ciation in North Carolina. 



Rosenwald Rural School House Building Fundi 



OFFICERS 



S. L. Smith, Field Agent. 



Nashville, Term. 

On June 12, 1914, the Rosenwald Rural School House Building Fund 
was inaugurated to meet the need of more and better buildings and in helping 
to provide better schools for rural colored children. This movement is headed 
by S. L. Smith, of Nashville, Tenn. The work is carried on by means of letters, 
circulars of information and articles in press. It also works through school 
boards, school improvement societies, etc. 

In addition to a special agent of the Fund at Tuskegee Institute, a Rosen- 
wald agent is connected with the State Department of Education in Alabama, 
Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and Tennessee, 
although its territory covers the entire South. A General Agent has just been 
added. Below is a table giving donations made from public school funds, 
donations by local white people, and donations by local colored people, and 
the amount supplemented by the Rosenwald Fund, to November 14, 1919: 





No. of 

School 
Houses 


AMOUNTS PLEDGED BY 


States 


White 
States People 


Colored 
People 


Mr. • , , 
Rosenwald | Total 


Alabama. . . . 
Arkansas. . . . 

Georgia 

Kentucky. . . . 
Louisiana. . . . 
Maryland. . . . 
Mississippi. . . 
North Car. . . . 
South Car . . . 
Tennessee. . . . 


242 
44 
43 
46 

120 

7 

47 

194 
15 
96 
46 


$ 70,661 
26,497 
12,175 
48,145 
70,834 
11,700 

8,663 
90,781 

6,225 
95,450 
32,405 


$ 8,840.00 

2,011.00 

26,930.77 

4,245.00 

5,604.00 

600.00 

17,624.00 

10,510.00 

8,376.00 

4,817.00 

750.00 


$137,063.93 
28,984.00 
40,149.00 
22,876.00 
71,717.57 
3,535.00 
45,920.27 
85,618.75 
14,664.08 
65,633.00 
25,444.80 


$ 82,500 
19,800 
16,400 
18,000 
38,800 

2,750 
21,175 
69,805 

6,400 
35,900 
11.850 


$ 299,064.93 
77,292.00 
95,654.77 
93,566.00 

186,655.57 
18,585.00 
93,482.27 

256,714.75 
35,665.08 

201.800.00 
70,449.80 


total 


900 |$473,536]$90,607.77|$541,606.40|$323,380 $1,429,130.17 



Anna T. Jeanes Foundation. 

Negro Rural School Fund — Charlottesville, Va. 

OFFICERS 

James H. Dillard, President Charlottesville, Va. 

Talcott Williams, Vice President Columbia Univ., New York 

John T. Emlen, Secretary 4th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 

George Foster Peabody, Treasurer 25 Broad St., New York City 

The Anna T. Jeanes Foundation originated in 1908 for the purpose of 
improving rural facilities for the education of colored children of the South. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



15 



It works mainly through county supervision of teachers of industrial work. 
Its paid agents are the Supervising Teachers working under county superin- 
tendents. Its territory covers thirteen Southern states, and its sources of 
income are from the endowment of Anna T. Jeanes, with donations from the 
General Education Board. 

During the session ending June 30, 1919, the Jeanes Fund cooperated with 
public school superintendents in 220 counties in 12 states. The Supervising 
Industrial Teachers, paid partly by the counties and partly by the Jeanes 
Fund, visited regularly in these counties, 6,212 country schools, making in 
all 23,345 visits, and raising for purposes of school improvement $324,896.93. 
The total amount of salary paid to the Supervising Teachers was $74,545.01, 
of which the County school authorities paid $32,669,58, and the Jeanes Fund 
$41,875.43. 

The business of these traveling teachers, working under the direction of 
the county superintendent, is to introduce into the small country schools sim- 
ple home industries; to give talks and lessons on sanitation, personal cleanliness, 
etc.; to encourage the improvement of school houses and school grounds; and 
to organize clubs for the betterment of the school and the neighborhood. 

The Following is a Typical Statement of Expenditures : 
Month of January, 1920. 



State 



Counties 



Superv. 
Teachers 



Schools 
Visited 



Pupils in 
Schools 
Visited 



Salary Paid Salary Paid 

through from 

Jeanes Fund Public Fund 



Alabama [ 20 

Arkansas ! 5 

Delaware | 3 

Florida | 4 

Georgia 24 

Kentucky j 11 

Louisiana J 15 

Mississippi 15 

N. Carolina 

S. Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 



41 
16 

22 

7 

14 



1919. 
1918. 
1917. 
1916. 
1915. 
1914. 



197$ 

213 
203 
189 
165 
131 
117 



22* 

r 
O 

3 

4 
25* 
12* 
16* 
16* 
42* 
16 
21 

7 
16* 



202 

216 
212 
189 
164 
131 
119 



321 

32 

45 

50 

376 

107 

163 

191 

530 

300 

226 

31 

158 



2,530 

2,569 
2,395 
2,335 
2,062 
1,477 
1,429 



25,759 

3,077 

2,251 

4,595 

26,753 

5,707 

15,316 

14,541 

46,149 

41,201 

17,313 

2,046 

9,127 



211,835 

177,995 
162,882 
156,909 
144,234 
98,558 
96,166 



$831.35 
325.00 
225.00 
145.00 
690.00 
407.50 
620.00 
604.00 

1,308.34 
634.50 
539.00 
267.33 
852.50 



7,179.25 

6,570.74 
6,017.00 
5,513.00 
5,435.09 
4,477.35 
4,486.50 



$653.61 



85.00 
665.00 
280.97 
590.00 
599.33 

1,551.83 
408.50 

1,134.00 
168.66 
777.50 

6,914.40 

5,842.33 
4,444.26 
3,305.14 
2,498.51 
1 ,680.77 
920.67 



* Indicating State Supervising Teacher. 

JThis apparent decline is not really a decline in the number of counties in which the 
work is carried on. There are now 57 counties (39 of these in Virginia) in which the work 
is practically the same, to which the Jeanes Fund makes no contribution. 



16 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION 

Clyde Furst, Secretary 276 Fifth Ave., New York City 

This Foundation has not made a specialty of race work, but has done 
some very splendid things in the way of cooperating with certain outstanding 
Negro institutions, like Fisk University, and ohters. 

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS IN COLORED SCHOOLS 

Organized 1904 

OFFICERS 

L. G. Rowan, President Alcorn College, Alcorn, Miss. 

Silas X. Floyd, Secretary Augusta, Ga. 

W. H. A. Howard, Treasurer A. & M. College, Tallahassee, Fla. 

The National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools is as its names 
indicates, an organization of colored teachers that corresponds in a general 
way to the National Education Association. 

The sectional dicisions of the organization are as follows: 

Land grant section. Elementary schools section. 

Secondary education section. Rural schools section. 

Vocational education section. Community service section. 

This organization is increasing in both numbers and influence. Its annual 
meetings are the largest gatherings of persons connected with Negro education. 
It is not an exclusive colored organization. A number of white teachers work- 
ing in colored schools are included in its membership. This association is an 
example of Inter-racial cooperation. The white members of the association in 
a way represent the North. The State Supervisors of Colored Rural Schools 
and other white Southern educators, who usually attend htese meetings repre- 
sent the South. The colored teachers are, of course, representatives of the 
colored people. 



STATE SUPERVISORS OF RURAL NEGRO SCHOOLS 

Each of the State Departments of Education throughout the South have 
connected with them a Supervisor of Rural Negro Schools. This supervisor 
is paid by the General Education Board and is directly responsible to the 
State Board of Education and the State Superintendent. The Supervisors at 
present are as follows: 

Alabama — J. S. Lambert State Dept. Education, Montgomery 

Arkansas — Jas. A. Presson State Dept. Education, Little Rock 

Florida — J. H. Brinson Ocala 

Georgia — Walter B. Hill State Dept. Education, Atlanta 

Kentucky — F. C. Button State Dept. Education, Frankfort 

Louisiana — Leo M. Favrot State Dept. Education, Baton Rouge 

Maryland— J. Walter Huffington 210 W. Madison, Baltimore 

Mississippi — Bura Hilbun State Dept. Education, Jackson 

North Carolina — N. C. Newbold State Dept. Education, Raleigh 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 17 



South Carolina — J. B. Felton State Dept. Education, Columbia 

Tennessee — 0. H. Bernard State Dept. Education, Springfield 

Texas — L. W. Rogers State Dept. Education, Austin 

Virginia — Arthur D. Wright Dept. Public Instruction, Richmond 

We append brief reports from four different states, simply as an indica- 
tion of the type of work being done. Other states submit reports, but the 
necessity of saving space demands that we print only these four as typical of 
the work being done in all Southern States. 

State Department of Education — Atlanta, Ga. 
Jeanes Fund. 

OFFICERS 

W. B. Hill State Dept. of Education, Atlanta, Ga. 

Mrs. Lydia D. Thornton (colored) 10 Buena Vista Ave., Columbus, Ga. 

This work was carried on in Georgia before a State Agent was appointed. 
The object is the supervision of rural schools, especially the teaching of plain 
sewing, mat making, chair-caning, etc., to all school children in a county 
who are old enough to do this hand-work. The effort is made to raise funds 
for better school-houses, and general school improvement work. The Jeanes 
teachers are now employed to do home demonstration work after the schools 
close. The State College of Agriculture pays them from State funds until 
July 1, each year, after which they are paid by the General Education Board. 

Churchs are largely used by the Jeanes teachers in their work; the teachers 
hold rallies at the churches as well as at the schools, and lodges are also used 
to some extent. The County Boards of Education are paying half of the 
salaries of the teachers for six months, in Georgia, the Jeanes Fund paying 
the rest. Twenty-four counties are served in Georgia by this department, and 
the source of income is received from county boards and the Jeanes Fund. 

The funds invested in this industrial supervision have probably accom- 
plished more good than any money spent on the education of the Negro. A 
very large number of children is reached in every county, and the per capita 
cost of teaching them is very small. The character of the work is such as 
to hold the child's interest and to make the school more attractive to him. 

The value of this work has long since been demonstrated and it would 
be an easy matter to expand it to other counties in this State, if the Jeanes 
Fund were large enough. 

The Jeanes Industrial Supervisor has really been a kind of assistant 
county school superintendent. 

For the past five months the State worker has been engaged in illiteracy 
work — her travelling expenses paid by the State. She has organized the 
illiteracy work in counties and cities all over the Ctate, and has scored a 
striking success in this work. 



18 • INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Department of Education, State of Arkansas — Little Rock, Ark. 

OFFICERS 

J. L. Bond, Superintendent Little Rock, Ark. 

J. A. Presson, Supervisor of Negro Schools Little Rock, Ark. 

In making a survey of the state, one of the first indications of educational 
progress is the increasing number of better school buildings, better furniture, 
and better equipment. Within the last year there has also been a very marked 
increase in the amounts voted for school purposes in local districts. Local 
school revenues were increased in the state 30 per cent. School terms have 
been lengthened and better salaries are being paid. They are not what they 
should be yet, but the tendency is upward. Teachers are taking their work 
more seriously, and are putting forth commendable efforts to improve the 
quality of their teaching. School officials are showing an increasing spirit of 
co-operation, and are willing to devote more and more of their time to the 
Negro schools. The patrons themselves are responding more .heartily, and 
greater effort is being made toward regular attendance. 

Considerable interest has been manifested by the Negroes and by local 
school boards in rural communities in better rural school buildings. Through 
the generosity of Mr. Julius Rosenwald, this department has been able to assist 
financially in this matter up to the amount of several thousand dollars. There 
are 36 Rosenwald projects either in process of construction or finished. The 
plans of these buildings must be approved by the State Department of educa- 
tion and by the Extension Department of Tuskegee Institute, through which the 
Rosenwald fund has been administered. 

The number of county agents the preceding year was fourteen, but was 
increased this year, 1920, to twenty-one. The length of term of service was 
increased from an average of eight months to an average of eleven months. 
Salaries in every case were increased. The average salary paid these agents 
was $75.75, the highest salary paid county industrial agents in any of the 
Southern states, according to Dr. Dillard's report. 

These agents gave lessons in rural schools in sewing, cooking, handicraft, 
home making, health, hygiene and sanitation. They also assisted in com- 
munity work by organizing school improvement associations, girls' and moth- 
ers' clubs; by helping to raise money for needs of local schools; by meeting 
with the teachers in county associations, group meetings, and in county insti- 
tutes, and giving them such instructions as would enable them to give lessons 
in indusrial subjects in their own schools, during the absence of the county 
agent. 

These supervising teachers made a total of 2,566 visits to 552 schools in 
twenty-one counties, enrolled and taught 10,152 girls and boys in industrial 
classes, and raised, through school improvement associations, $4,214.00. 

As agents of home makers' clubs they supervised planting and cultivating 
of gardens. They assisted the girls and mothers to can, dry and preserve the 
products of garden, field and orchard, both for home consumption and for the 
market. They organized clubs with a membership of 6,535, held 756 public 
canning demonstrations, and these club members canned 85,374 quarts of 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 19 

fruits and vegetables, the estimated value of which is $33,829.00. These agents 
were paid partly from the Jeanes Fund, partly by the General Education Board, 
and partly by their respective counties. 

State Department of Education- — Raleigh, N. C. 

N. C. Newbold, State Agent Rural Schools Raleigh, N. C. 

The Negroes, who are almost exactly a fourth of the population of the 
State; whose Christianization, except in case of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church, is left to the Negroes themselves, largely by their own choice. The 
public elementary schools for Negroes are controlled by the State, under the 
supervision of a State Supervisor of Rural Elementary Schools, assisted by 
supervising teachers in 42 counties, salaried by the Jeanes Fund. In eighteen 
counties there are training schools for colored teachers, in three normal 
schools, at Elizabeth City, Fayetteville and Winston-Salem, and the State 
Agricultural and Technical College for Negroes at Greensboro. The State 
and Federal authorities cooperate in training Negroes in vocational subjects 
in thirteen county training schools, under a director, and in farm and home 
demonstration work, with seventeen Negro field agents, under the direction of 
a Director of Farm Extension. There are thirty institutions for higher educa- 
tion and professional training for Negroes supported mainly by private 
philanthropy, which comes mostly from the North. 

* 

ORGANIZATIONS OF AND FOR THE COLORED PEOPLE 

1. State Association of Negro Teachers — President, Dr. James E. Shepard, 
Durham, N. C; Secretary, Prof. S. D. McRae, Reidsville, N. C. 

(a) Purposes and policies: To advance educational interest by improve- 
ment of schools and quickening of professional standing, and to promote the 
general welfare of the teaching profession. 

(b) Activities and results: Established rural school commission out of 
which developed the Rosenwald Agency; the railroad commission, out of 
which developed the organization for better travelling accomodations. 

The Association cooperates with the State Department of Education, 
private donors, and Mr. Rosenwald, of Chicago, in supporting a visiting field 
supervisor for Negro public schools of the state — Mr. C. H. Moore, 232 Bebane 
St., Greensboro; and with the Jeanes Fund directors and the State Education 
authorities in the direction of the Jeanes industrial teachers and the home- 
makers clubs — Mrs. Annie W. Holland. Raleigh, N. C. 

2. The State Association of Negro High School Principals — R. E. Malone, 
President, A. & T. College. Greensboro. N. C. ; W. M. Cooper, Secretary, 
Smithfield, N. C. 

(a) Purposes and policies: To standardize and promote the efficiency of 
the Negro High Schools of North Carolina; to help place a high school for 
Negroes in every county in the state; to acquaint the Negro with secondary 
education at home. 



20 NITER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



(b) Activities: The Association has succeeded in having the same cur- 
riculum as is used in the white schools of the state adopted for use in the 
Negro schools. 

(c) Publications: None. 

3. The Agricultural and Technical College for Negroes, Greensboro- 
James B. Dudley, President. 

(a) Place in the State's scheme of technical education: This is the State's 
principal institution for the training of Negro farmers and mechanics, and for 
vocational education of the Negro. 

(b) State appropriation $16,000; federal appropriation $16,500. 

(c) Enrollment. 

(d) Average number of graduates 1910-20: Trade School 10; College 6. 

(e) Occupations of graduates: Teachers, demonstration agents, farmers, 
tradesmen and merchants. 

Department of Education, of South Carolina. 

J. B. Felton, State Agent for Negro Schools Columbia, S. C. 

In July 1917 an appropriation from the General Education Board for Negro 
education made it possible to employ a State Agent, under the supervision of 
the State Superintendent of Education. One important result of the work 
has been in getting the white people in many communities to realize the true 
condition in the Negro schools and to lend a helping hand in remedying the 
situation in their community. Sometimes this has meant that the term of 
the school has been extended, sometimes the teacher paid a better salary, 
sometimes the employment of more teachers to meet the necessity of a smaller 
number of children to the teacher, and sometimes the employment of a teacher 
better prepared to do the work. Sometimes a new building has been erected, 
entirely modern and fully equipped. 

The General Assembly made an appropriation of $10,000 for the "Better- 
ment of Schools for Negroes," but this money was not available until late in 
the scholastic year of 1919-20. Part of it was expended in the Negro schools 
of the State, principally in extending the school term and for school equip- 
ment. This appropriation marks the first great step forward in the State 
of South Carolina in the development of Negro schools. The buildings are 
in most instances wretched, the terms short, the salaries low, practically no 
equipment, and the preparation and fitness of the teachers generally very 
inferior. 

The first time a Negro school was recognized as a high school by the State 
Board of Education was in 1919, being located at Beaufort. Another step 
forward in the education of the Negroes of South Carolina, is the introduction 
of vocational agriculture. This work has been put into eleven schools by the 
Federal Vocational Board. Quite a number of night, or adult schools have 
been conducted for the purpose of teaching Negro illiterates how to read and 
write. In this work the Negroes have shown their willingness and appreciation 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 21 



by accepting the opportunity presented, and have attended regularly. The 
results have been most gratifying. There are nine County Training Schools. 
Each of these schools receives $500 from the Slater Fund for the payment 
of salaries of teachers, on condition that the district in which the school is 
located gives at least $750 each year for salaries, thus making a total of at 
least $1,250 for salaries. In this way the school is able to employ an adequate 
and well trained teaching corps. In 1919 the General Education Board con- 
tributed for holding nine summer schools for teachers, and county schools 
were conducted in Abbeville, Aiken, Chesterfield, and eight other counties. 
The General Education Board also gave $140 for paying the travelling expenses 
of five teachers in Rosenwald schools to the summer school at Tuskegee Insti- 
tute, and $531.34 for paying the travelling expenses of nineteen teachers, 
Jeanes supervisors and matrons to the summer school at Hampton Institute, 
Hampton, Va. 

In 1919 there were fourteen Jeanes supervisors in fourteen different 
counties. The Jeanes Fund gave to this work $3,474.54, while the counties 
in which the work was conducted gave $1,852.50. The General Education 
Board contributed $2,280 for the Home-Makers' Clubs. The Jeanes supervisors 
did the work during the summer. To secure aid from the Rosenwald Fund 
the community must meet several requirements. The legally appointed trustees 
must hold a fee simple title deed to at least two acres of land, which must be 
recorded in the office of the Clerk of Court. Before work on the building can 
be begun, the building plan must be submitted to and approved by the proper 
authorities, including county and State. 

The results obtained through the organizers by the Home-makers' Clubs 
were good. The organizers succeeded in organizing 314 clubs with a total 
membership of 3,574, who put up 61,321 quarts of fruit and vegetables for 
home use, which are valued at $15,330.25, who also preserved 2,735 quarts of 
fruit and made 4,686 glasses of jelly. The organizers gave 250 public canning 
demonstrations, made 2,502 home visits and raised $4,940.00 for home and 
school improvements. They formed 56 corn clubs with a membership of 205, 
the boys and men cultivating 109 acres. They also organized 82 pig clubs 
with a membership of 269, the result being that 189 pigs were raised. 



22 INTERRACIAL COOPERATION 



SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS UNDER GENERAL 

DIRECTION OF WHITE PEOPLE 

1. University Commission. 

2. Southern Publicity Committee. 

3. National Country Life Association. 

4. Mississippi Welfare League. 

5. Tennessee Law and Order League. 

6. Southern Sociological Congress. 

7. National Red Cross. 

8. Kentucky Home Society for Colored Children. 

9. Smith-Lever and Smith-Hughes Funds. 
10. U. S. Farm Demonstration Work. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 23 



University Commission on Race Questions. 

OFFICERS 

Dr. Josiah Morse, Chairman Columbia, S. C. 

Col. W. M. Hunley, Secretary Charlottesville, Va. 

The objcet of the Commission is to influence the college young men of 
the South to take intelligent interest in the race question. Four "Open Letters" 
have been addressed to the college men of the South involving the questions of 
Lynching, Negro Education, Negro Migration, and the proposition of "A New 
Reconstruction". The Commission was organized by Dr. James H. Dillard, 
of Charlottesville, Va., and is composed of the following well known educators: 

J. J. Doster, Professor of Education and Dean of the School of Education, 
University of Alabama. 

D. Y. Thomas, Professor of Political Science, University of Arkansas. 
James M. Farr, Professor of English, University of Florida. 

R. P. Brooks, Professor of History, University of Georgia. 

William 0. Scroggs, Professor of Sociology, Louisiana State University. 

W. L. Kennon, Professor of Physics, University of Mississippi. 

E. C. Branson, Professor of Rural Economics, University of North Carolina. 
Josiah Morse, Professor of Philosophy, University of South Carolina. 
James D. Hoskins, Dean of the University of Tennessee. 

W. S. Sutton, Professor of Education and Dean of the School of Education, 
University of Texas. 

W. M. Hunley, Professor of Economics, Virginia Military Institute. 

Southern Publicity Committee — Burkeville, Va. 

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS 

Dr. James H. Dillard, Chairman Charlottesville, Va. 

Mrs. John D. Hammond, Secretary Burkeville, Va. 

The Rt. Rev. Theodore D. Bratton Jackson, Miss. 

Hon. Edward E. Britton Navy Department, Washington, D. C. 

Dr. Charles L. Crow State University, Gainesville, Fla. 

Dr. W. S. Currell State University, Columbia, S. C. 

Mr. Jackson Davis Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Richmond, Va. 

Mr. E. B. Doran The News, Dallas, Texas 

Mr. Clark Howell The Constitution, Atlanta, Ga. 

Dr. Thomas Jesse Jones McLachlen Bldg., Washington, D. C. 

Mr. Arthur B. Krock The Courier-Journal, Louisville, Ky. 

Mrs. J. H. McCoy 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tenn. 

Mr. C. P. J. Mooney The Commercial-Appeal, Memphis, Tenn. 

Mr. Walter Parker Association of Commerce, New Orleans, La. 

Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker 2606 Whittis Avenue, Austin, Texas 

Dr. W. D. Weatherford Southern College of Y. M. C. A., Nashville, Tenn. 

Mrs. W. C. Winsborough Field Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. 

All the Southern states are included in its territory, and the principal 
source of income is derived from the Phelps-Stokes Fund. It sends out two 
releases monthly, each with two or three brief accounts of constructive work 
along religious, economic, social or educational lines. These releases are 
sent out as follows: 



24 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Southern daily papers 1^ 

Small afternoon papers and county weeklies 560 

Religious weeklies G ° 

Negro papers ^0 

Northern papers, weekly and monthly 2d 



Total papers 



.80 



D 



Heads of schools and colleges (W. 240; N. 180) 420 

College Y. M. C. A's 140 

College Y. W. C. A's 10 ^ 

State and City "Y" men °o 

Officers women's missionary organizations 90 

Individuals; white chiefly, but a number of Negroes 189 

Total personal lists 1007 

Total copies of each release sent out 1810 

Occasional releases on economic lines are also sent at irregular intervals 
to 250 Southern Chambers of Commerce. 

The creed of the Southern Publicity Committee is embodied in a little 
leaflet which is one of a series being sent out regularly to Southern papers 
and to various groups and individuals. 

It believes that the moral and material prosperity of the South depend upon 
the moral and economic development of its entire population; and asks the 
cooperation of its readers in this development by giving publicity to this con- 
structive work. The Committee's work is done in no spirit of boastfulness 
or of self-satisfaction. They are fully aware of the sinister influences in the 
lives of both races; but they believe the good outweighs the evil, and deserves 
as wide a hearing; and that to give publicity to these efforts to build up a 
better understanding between the races, and to cooperate with the better class 
of Negroes in improving conditions among their people will encourage others 
of their own people to similar efforts and will further the interest of both races. 

National Country Life Association — Amherst, Mass. 

OFFICERS 

Kenyon L. Butterfield, President Amherst, Mass. 

C J. Galpin, Secretary Falls Church, Va. 

Prof. E. C. Lindeman, Field Secretary. Greensboro, N. C. 

Clarence S. Kates, Treasurer Glenloch, Pa. 

On account of its immaturity this association has not yet organized its 
work with reference to the Negro problems of country life; but expects to do 
so within the year 1920. The object of its creation is to provide a national 
clearing house of ideas and plans for rural life progress. It was organized 
in 1918, with the idea of furthering the efforts and increasing the efficiency of 
persons, agencies and institutions engaged in this field, and to promote a 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 25 



better understanding between urban and rural dwellers. Its methods of work 
are through publicity, such as the use of the national press, published pro- 
ceedings and annual conference, through local organizations and paid agents. 

Its scope covers the entire United States, and its only revenue comes from 
voluntary contributions and membership dues. Its progress and achieve- 
ments embrace two annual conferences, and important contributions in book 
of proceedings to the literature of country life. 

Mississippi Welfare League — Jackson, Miss. 

OFFICERS 

J. C. Wilson Jackson, Miss. 

C. W. Chrisler Jackson, Miss. 

Bura Hilbun • Jackson, Miss. . 

Alfred Stone Greenville, Miss 

Organized about April 1, 1919. The cause that brought this League into 
existence was the unrest of the colored people and the desire on the part of 
the white people to bring about a better understanding between the races. Its 
present object is to keep down race troubles and lynchings; also to improve 
living conditions and encourage better rural school work, and for the general 
uplift of both races. 

It works through newspaper articles and bulletins, through committees 
composed of the best class of both races, and acts as a consulting board as to 
the best methods of handling local affairs. Publicity is also given through 
lectures given by state directors. 

The State of Mississippi is the territory served and its income is obtained 
by private subscriptions. Since the inauguration of this League, a great deal 
has been accomplished between the races in bringing about a better understand- 
ing. The Negroes have ben taught that the better class of white people are 
their friends; that they are eager for them to improve their living conditions 
and are willing to help them. 

Tennessee Law and Order League — Nashville, Tenn. 

OFFICERS 

John E. Edgerton, President .Lebanon, Tenn. 

Dr. Edwin Mims, Secretary Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. 

Organized in 1918 to combat the evil of lynching. The object is to combat 
violence in all forms and to bring about a better relationship between the 
two races. 

Conducted a state-wide observance of Law and Order Week, Nov. 9-15, 
1919. 

It works through local law and order leagues, but has no paid agents. 
The State of Tennessee is the territory served, and is supported by voluntary 
subscriptions. 



26 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Two large state meetings were held in Nashville in 1918 and 1919. Sec- 
tional meetings were held in Knoxville, Chattanooga and Memphis. Local 
meetings were held in nearly half of the counties of the state. Leagues were 
organized in thirty counties. Organization of a Negro League (Tennessee 
People's Cooperative League) was effected to cooperate with the Law and 
Order League. This organization is backed by the prominent me i in business, 
clubs, colleges, etc. 

Southern Sociological Congress — Washington, D. C. 

OFFICERS 

Bishop Theodore Bratton, President Jackson, Miss. 

Dr. W. D. Weatherford, Chairman Board of Governors Nashville, Tenn. 

Dr. J. E. McCulloch, Educational Secretary Washington, D. C. 

The Congress was organized at the call of Governor Hooper, of Tennessee, 
in the year 1912. It has held annual meetings since that time; various sessions 
being held in Nashville, Tenn., Atlanta, Ga., Memphis, Tenn., New Orleans, 
La., Blue Ridge, N. C, Knoxville, Tenn., and Washington, D. C. An annual 
volume of proceedings of the Congresses is published and sent to all mem- 
bers of the Congress. The present membership is about 2,000. The Congress 
has a series of commissions of (1) Race Relations, (2) Church and Social 
Service, (3) Public Health Problems, (4) Child Welfare, (5) Community 
Service. It is supported by the membership dues and by contributions. 

Perhaps the most important work of the Congress has been its Race 
Relationship Section, which has always been the largest of the Sections. It 
has furnished a platform for the presentation of the best ideas of the white 
and colored people, and has enabled the leaders of both races to speak 
frankly to each other. 

American National Red Cross — 17th & E. St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 

OFFICERS 

Livingston Farrand, National Chairman Washington, D. C. 

J. L. McMillan, Division Manager Atlanta, Ga. 

Objectives: Relief of distress; promotion of health. 

It works through Home Service Chapters, and through paid agents em- 
ployed by national, division and local headquarters and through voluntary 
workers. The entire United States is the beneficiary of its ministrations, and 
is supported by public contributions. 

The line of work followed by the National Red Cross is for the relief 
and care of disabled in military forces; relief of civilian population in occu- 
pied areas; care of dependents at home; public health nursing, and promo- 
tion of health in cities and rural districts. 

The Red Cross is also doing a great deal of work in connection with 
rehabilitation among the Negroes. They are undertaking to give special atten- 
tion to home conditions and are giving much time and interest to the problem 
of help. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 27 



Kentucky Home Society for Colored Children — 807 S. 6th St., Louis- 
ville, Ky. 

OFFICERS 

Dr. C. H. Parrish 847 S. 6th St., Louisville, Ky. 

Mrs. B. L. Allen .807 S. 6th St., Louisville, Ky. 

Organized in 1912 to save homeless children and orphans. It provides 
for children without homes or parents. It works through local organizations 
in placing the children in homes, and has two paid agents. It confines its 
efforts to the State of Kentucky, and the State makes appropriaion for its 
support. 

Many children have been saved r.no enabled to grow into independent 
manhood and womanhood, and a point is made of placing them only with 
good, reliable people. 

Smith-Lever and Smith-Hughes Fund. 

These are two government funds for cooperating with the rural agencies, 
both white and colored. 1 hey are helping particularly in connection with 
industrial training and agricultural training. Full details and printed ma- 
terial can be obtained by addressing the Federal Board of Vocational Educa- 
tion, Washington, D. C. 

The Department of Agriculture through its Farm Demonstration Depart- 
ment is doing a remarkable work for advancing scientific methods of farming. 



28 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC— NEGRO LEADERSHIP PREDOMINATING 

1. National Negro Press Association. 

2. Negro Society for Historical Research. 

3. The American Negro Academy. 

4. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. 

5. The International Uplift League. 

6. National Association of Negro Musicians. 

7. National Negro Business League. 

3. National Negro Bankers Association. 

9. National Negro Bar Association. 

10. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 

11. National Medical Association. 

12. National Urban League. 

13. New Jersey Urban League. 

14. National Association of Colored Women. 

15. National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. 

16. National Alliance of Postal Employees. 

17. Mutual Link Protective Association. 

18. Negro Organization Society, Inc. 

19. Inter-State Association Negro Trainmen of America. 

20. People's Cooperative League of Tennessee. 

21. Florida Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 

22. National Home Finding Society. 

23. National Funeral Directors' Association. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 29 

SOCIAL 

National Negro Press Association — 747 4th Ave., N. Philadelphia. 

OFFICERS 

C. J. Perry, President Philadelphia, Pa. 

J. A. Hannett, Recording Secretary Jackson, Tenn. 

B. J. Doris, Treasurer Atlanta, Ga. 

H. A. Boyd, Corresponding Secretary Nashville, Tenn. 

R. H. Boyd, Secretary-Treasurer Nashville, Tenn. 

About fifteen years ago this organization came into existence for the 
closer union of newspapers and with the object to develop the highest type 
of Negro journalism. The territory is broad, serving the entire United States, 
Canada and South America. The only source of income is derived from 
annual dues of its members. 

Negro Society for Historical Research — 105 Kosciusko Street, Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. 



■• 



OFFICERS 

John E. Bruce 105 Kosciusko St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

A. A. Schomburg 105 Kosciusko St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Rev. C. D. Martin 124 W. 36th St., New York City 

Robert T. Browne 347 Quincy St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

On April 18, 1911, the Negro Society for Historical Research was or- 
ganized, for the collection of books, manuscripts, pamphlets, engravings, 
handicrafts of Negroes showing the artistic and cultural side of the race. 
Its prime object was the establishment of a chair of Negro history in Negro 
schools of learning for the development of race pride, and as an incentive 
to historical research, and also to create a circulating library of the best Negro 
books among the race in rural communities. It is given publicity principally 
through neighborhood meetings, reading of papers and popular lectures on 
race topics and occasional printed papers. It has no paid agents. It has an 
international scope and its only source of income is derived through its mem- 
bership. 

The library has a combined collection of about seven thousand volumes, 
of the rarest books written by Negro authors including manuscrips and 
pamphlets printed in various parts of the world, in English, French, Spanish, 
Latin, Portuguese, Yerube, Arabic, Zulu, Kamuri, etc., all relating to the 
Negro race. 

It has published three occasional papers and has presented to one of the 
public schools in Washington, D. C, a life size painting of a Negro educator, 
Dr. A. A. Crummell, the work of a member of the organization. It has also 
presented a painting of Playford Hall, England, to a lineal descendant of 
Thomas Clarkson, one of the earliest abolitionists of England, and an unflinch- 
ing friend of the Negro race. 

The Young Men's Association of Sierre Leone, West Afri;:a, has received 
from this organization one hundred volumes of Negro literature, as a nucleus 
toward the establishment of a library. It gives books as prizes to young 



30 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Negro students of both sexes in public schools. It loans its books for exhibits 
to bona fide Negro organizations, and to prospective authors and students 
seeking information not to be procured in public libraries. It is now engage. I 
in translating into English from the original, Ludolph's History of Abyssini;; 
printed in 1681. 

The American Negro Academy — Washington, D. C. 

OFFICERS 

John W. Cromwell, President 1439 Swann St., Washington, D. C. 

Robert T. Brown, 1st Vice President 347 Quincy St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Robert A. Pelham 153 Tea St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 

Lafayette M. Hershaw 2215 13th St., Washington, D. C. 

Organized March 5, 1897, with the object of promoting letters, science, and 
arts, for the creation, as far as possible, of a form of intellectual taste, for 
the encouragement and the assistance of youthful but hesitant scholarship, for 
the stimulation of inventive and artistic powers, and for the promotion of 
the publication of works of merit. 

It holds annual meetings, at which papers on topics previously assigned 
are read and discussed. These papers are published in pamphlet form for 
distribution among the members, and at a nominal price to the public in 
general. The entire country is its field, and its revenues come from dues 
paid in by members. 

Association for the Study of Negro Life and History — Washington, D.C. 

OFFICERS 

R. E. Park, President L^niversity of Chicago, Chicago, 111. 

J. E. Moorland, Secretary-Treasurer 347 Madison Ave., New York City 

C. G. Woodson, Director 1216 You St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 

Organized September 9, 1915, to collect sociological documents, to publish 
books, to promote the study of Negro Life and History through clubs and 
schools and to bring about harmony between the races by interpreting one 
to the other. It works through publicity, local organizations, and sometimes 
throug i paid agents. Its territory is international, but its income is derived 
wholly from subscriptions and donations. 

Through this Association the Journal of Negro History has been circulated 
in South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. It has also directed the attention 
of investigators to this neglected field; it has published many series of docu- 
ments giving facts which are generally unknown. Among the books published 
may be mentioned, "A Century of Negro Migration," and "Slavery in 
Kentucky." 

The International Uplift League — 1369 N. Cary St., Baltimore, Md. 

OFFICERS 

Rev. R. W. S. Thomas 1106 Druid Hill Ave., Baltimore, Md. 

Dr. D. W. E. Campbell 1369 N. Carey St., Baltimore, Md. 

Rev. G. F. Braggor 1425 McColloh St., Baltimore, Md. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 31 



The organization of this league dates from April 1915, with the object to 
encourage the people of African descent to live right lives and demand justice 
for their race. Its work is carried on though publicity and local organizations, 
but has no paid agents. Baltimore is its field of activity. It has no source 
of income. 



On April 3, 1919, a petition, prepared by this League, was sent to Con- 
gress and President Woodrow Wilson, asking that lynching be made a national 
federal offense, punishable by a fine on the State in which the offense occurred. 
The petition also incorporated a plea that Negro segregation and the Jim 
Crow law be repealed. Although there are a few white members of this 
League, the majority are Negroes, all of the officers being colored men and 
women, some of them English and others American citizens. 

National Association of Negro Musicians — 902 I. St., Washington, D. C. 

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 

Alice Simmons Tuskegee Institute, Ala. 

Nora D. Holt 4405 Prairie Ave., Chicago, 111 

Frank Johnson 

Henry L. Grant Dunbar High School, Washington, D. C. 

This organization was the result of an appeal sent out by Henry L. Grant, 
Director of the Washington Conservatory of Music, Washington, D. C, who 
is also a teacher in the Dunbar High School, of the same city. The appeal 
went out in April 1919, to Negro musicians urging them to come to Wash- 
ington for the purpose of establishing an organization in the interest of music 
and also to attend the annual music festival of the Dunbar High School. A 
three-fold object was embodied in the appeal: Moral, Educational and Financial. 
Its moral object lay in the promotion of Fellowship and fraternity, mutual 
encouragement, friendly rivalry and helpful criticism. The educational possi- 
bilities were the discussion of methods for the systematic education of the 
public as to the broader significance and truer appreciation of Negro music, 
and its financial problems embodied a discussion of ways and means of stimu- 
lating creative effort by creating a demand for the works of Negro com- 
posers and of placing the music profession generally on a more profitable basis. 

The organization has no paid agents, and its publicity is generally con- 
ducted through committees and local organizations. 

National Negro Business League. 

OFFICERS 

Dr. Robert R. Moton, President Tuskegee Institute, Ala. 

Emmett J. Scott, Secretary Howard University, Washington, D. C. 

The National Negro Business League was founded in 1900 l>\ the late 
Dr. Booker T. Washington when he called together representative business 
and professional men from all parts of the country to discuss business problems 
among the colored people; to exchange business experiences, and to so co- 
ordinate their efforts to find a permanent place for the Negro in the economic 
and commercial development of their country. 

The National League works through local leagues scattered through some 
six hundred or more towns and cities in the country, and its several state 



32 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



organizations, from the office of the President at Tuskegee Institute, and from 
the office of the Secretary at Washington, D. C. 

The League seeks to keep before the public the outstanding examples of 
Negro progress along commercial lines, and as far as possible help to seek 
out opportunities for men and women of the Negro race trained along business 
and commercial lines, thereby serving as a clearing house for information. 

From time to time special articles are prepared for white and colored 
papers, which record the outstanding achievements of some of the members 
of the race, and in that way the public is kept advised and informed of the 
progress which the race is making. The League also cooperates with other 
organizations of its kind, and has affiliated with it several other organizations 
such as: The National Negro Press Association, National Negro Bar Associa- 
tion, National Negro Funeral Directors Association, National Negro Retail 
Merchants Association, National Negro Farmers Association. 

The League meets every year the third week in August, at which time five 
to eight hundred delegates and visitors from all parts of the country are 
gathered together to discuss matters affecting the progress and advancement 
of the race. 

National Negro Bankers Association — Washington, D. C. 

OFFICERS 

Bert M. Roddy, President 390 Beale Ave., Memphis, Tenn. 

E. C. Brown, Secretary Philadelphia, Pa. 

Chas. H. Anderson, Treasurer Jacksonville, Fla. 

Ira T. Williams, Vice-President Savannah, Ga. 

Its membership comprises president, cashier, officers and directors of the 
fifty-three state banks operating in America. They are owned and operated 
exclusively by colored men and cooperate and belong to the Clearing Houses 
of the various states. 

They also maintain membership in the National Bankers Association and 
in the various State Bankers Associations, as well as maintain a National 
Association of their own; they affiliate and work with the white bankers in 
every particular; employ Pinkerton's National Detective Agency, W. J. Burns 
Detective Agency. In fact, all of the protective agencies thrown around any 
other banking institutions are thrown around these. 

The National Negro Bankkers Association is an affiliated organization with 
the National Negro Business League, of which Maj. R. R. Moton is President; 
Hon. Emett J. Scott, Secretary. Meetings are held annually. 

The combined resources of these banks are approximately a billion dollars 
and they are doing a great work. 

National Negro Bar Association — Jackson, Miss. 

OFFICERS 

P. W. Howard, President Jackson, Miss. 

J. C. Napier, Vice-President Nashville, Tenn. 

S. D. McGill, Secretary Jacksonville, Fla. 

W. H. Harrison, Corresponding Secretary Chicago,. 111. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 33 



Established in 1909, this organization's aims were to improve the in- 
tellectual, moral and legal qualifications of all Negro members of the bar in 
all parts of the country; also the encouragement of worthy and well-qualified 
young men to enter the legal profession and to discourage any and all who 
are unworthy from entering its ranks, pursuing its study or continuing its 
practice. 

It works through the public press and holds its annual meetings at the 
same time and place as the annual meetings of the National Negro Business 
League. It also works through local organizations wherever there are two 
or more Negro members of the Bar in any city or state in the Union. It has 
no paid agents, and serves in every part of the United States. Its only source 
of income is derived from dues and contributions from members. It was 
organized with five members, but has now increased to more than one hundred 
and fifty. Its aim is to enroll among its members every worthy Negro lawyer, 
of whom it is claimed there are more than two thousand in the country. 

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People — 
National Office, 70 Fifth Ave., New York City. 

NATIONAL OFFICERS 

President, Moorfield Storey 70 51st St., New York City 

Vice-Presidents, Archibald H. Grimke, Rev. John Haynes Holmes, Bishop John 
Hurst, John E. Milholland, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villard. 

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 

Major J. E. Spingarn, Chairman of Board New York City 

Mary White Ovington, Acting Chairman New York City 

John R. Shillady, Secretary New York City 

Oswald Garrison Villard, Treasurer New York City 

Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, Director of Publications and Research, 

Walter F. White, Assistant Secretary 

The league has standing committees on the following activities: 

Anti-Lynching Committee. 
Committee on Branches. 
Budget Committee. 
Legal Committee. 



J & 



The purpose of the league is contained in the title of the same. It is 
social, economic, political and semi-religious in nature. 

National Medical Association — 14 Webster Place, Orange, N. J. 

OFFICERS 

Dr. J. W. Jones, President Winston-Salem,N. C. 

Dr. G. E. Cannon, Chairman Jersey City, N. J. 

E. T. Belsaw, D. D. S., Secretary Mobile, Ala. 

Dr. W. G. Alexander, General Secretary Orange, N. J. 

It was incorporated in 1895, is national in scope, and its only source of 
income is from membership dues. 



34 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



National Urban League for Social Service Among Negroes. 

Headquarters: Rooms 33-34, 127 East 23rd St., New York. 
Southern Office: 200 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, Ga. 
Western Office: 3032 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111. 

OFFICERS 

L. Hollingsworth Wood, President 20 Nassau St., New York City 

R. R. Moton, Vice-President Tuskegee Institute, Ala. 

Kelly Miller, Vice-President Howard University, Washington, D. C. 

John T. Emlen, Vice- President 810 Brown Bros. Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 

George C. Hall, Vice-President 3408 South Park Ave., Chicago, 111. 

William H. Baldwin, Secretary 129 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

A. S. Frissell, Treasurer 530 Fifth Avenue, New York City 

EXECUTIVE BOARD 

Terms Expire 1921 Terms Expire 1923 Terms Expire 1922 

Roger N. Baldwin Felix Adler Mrs. Mary M. Bethune 

William H. Brooks William H. Baldwin A. S. Frissell 

Miss Edith Campbell f , ss Dannie Burroughs Mrg R G Leach 

r John W. Davis T , TT 

George C. Hall James H . Dillard John Hope 

Abraham Lefkowitz John T. Emlen Bruce R - Payne 

Kelly Miller Col. William Hayward E. P. Roberts 

R R Moton Mrs. E. B. Leaf Mrs. Albert S. Reed 

pr" 1 t p l Fred R. Moore Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 

Faul J. Lachs A clayton p owell Migg Elk Sachg 

George W. Seligman ^ Mrg Juliug R osenw ald Mrs. H. L. Schmelz 

Mrs. V. G. Simkhovitch Mrs. B. T. Washington Miss Elizabeth Walton 

W. R. Valentine William G. Willcox L. Hollingsworth Wood 

FINANCE COMMITTEE 

A. S. Frissell L. Hollingsworth Wood 

Fred R. Moore Mrs. Henry G. Leach 

Mrs. Albert J. Erdmann Miss Ella Sachs 

Mrs. Albert S. Reed A. Clayton Powell 

Eugene Kinckle Jones — Executive Secretary. 
Alexander L. Jackson — Educational Secretary. 
Jesse O. Thomas — Southern Field Secretary. 
T. Arnold Hill — Western Field Secretary. 

Nine years ago, the Urban League was formed from the National League 
for the Protection of Colored Women and the Committee for Improving the 
Industrial Conditions among Negroes in New York — both of which parent 
bodies were organized in 1906 — exactly fourteen years ago. This merger 
was the result of the efforts of the Committee on Urban Conditions among 
Negroes, which was organized in 1910 with representatives of existing agencies 
working with Negroes coordinating the work in New York City in behalf of 
its colored population. The spirit of this movement from its conception has 
been that of cooperation and good fellowship. 

Those most active in planning the work and executing these plans and in 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 35 



furnishing the financial and moral support are convinced that the solution of 
the problems by some called "America's greatest" will be reached through both 
races working sympathetically together. 

At the beginning of the World's War in 1914, the Executive Board of the 
League was somewhat apprehensive about the possibility of conducting the 
activities of the League during the war period and made the necessary arrange- 
ments for reducing the staff of the League to a bare skeleton of an organiza- 
tion in order to tide us over a period which in the judgment of many would 
render it impossible to finance the movement. 

However, the war period opened up so many lines of new employment 
to colored workers in the North, that the Negro population increased greatly 
in this section — many say by 500,000. The demand for the League's services 
grew in proportion, and conditions incident to the war, instead of impairing 
the work of the League, served as a stimulant to its growth. 

Its work is conducted through publicity, through local organizations, 
and through paid agents. Thirty-two cities are served by this organization, 
and its source of income is derived principally from public subscriptions. 



New Jersey Urban League, for Social Service Among the Negroes. 
212 Bank Street, Newark, N. J. 

OFFICERS 

Dr. W. H. Vail, President 141 Second Ave., Newark, N. J. 

Mr. Carl Banwart, Chairman Executive Committee. . .City Hall, Newark, N. J. 

A. W. McDougall, Treasurer 13 Central Ave., Newark, N. J. 

Rev. L. B. Ellerson, Secretary 95 Wickliffe St., Newark, N. J. 

Organized January 22, 1917. The influx of Negroes from other sections 
of the country made it necessary to have some agency through which adjust- 
ments might be made. Its work is: 



■>-' 



1. To effect a better mutual understanding between white and colored 
people in the matters which make for harmony and community well-being. 

2. To secure for the Negro, equality of industrial opportunity that he 
may become, as is his right, a factor in the nation's industrial system; that he 
may attain industrial promotion according to his ability. 

3. To promote thrift and the practice of thrift. 

4. To point out the need for proper houses for Negroes as a key to the 
solution of many social problems. 

5. To investigate the social problems which affect the Negro in the 
community as a basis for practical work. 

6. To promote health by use of clinics, convalescent homes, health 
meetings. 

7. To provide proper recreation. 

8. To interest themselves in the problems of the family in the home, 
in the courts and schools. 



36 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



9. To serve as a stimulating and informing agency about Negroes, co- 
operating with all existing organizations, municipal or private in the com- 
munity. 

10. To provide dormitories with good home surroundings for young 
women in their building. This particular activity is under the direction of the 
Phyllis Wheatley Home Committee of the League. 

11. To organize clubs, both for youths and adults. 

National Association of Colored Women. 

OFFICERS 

Miss Hallie A. Brown, President Wilberforce, Ohio 

Miss Georgia Wilkinson, Vice-President Orangeburg, S. C. 

Miss Charlotte Hawkins Brown, Secretary Sedalia, N. C. 

Mrs. C. R. McDowell, Treasurer Hannibal, Mo. 

Organized in 1895 as the result of efforts of local and state organizations 
of colored women's clubs to get into closer touch with each other. Its present 
objective is to promote, through a National Organization, the general welfare 
of colored women. 

Its work is conducted through national officers and local state organiza- 
tions of women's clubs. It serves the colored women of the entire country, 
and derives its income from contributions made by various clubs. It has 
brought together, in a national organization, the leading colored women of 
the country through 35 state organizations and three inter-state organizations, 
the Northeastern, Northwestern, and Southeastern. The many local clubs 
of colored women are being brought into helpful touch with each other and 
are thus enabled to make concerted efforts for their uplift and improvement. 

National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses — Lincoln Hospital, 
New York City. 

OFFICERS 

Adah B. Thomas, R. N Lincoln Hospital, New York 

A. A. Nelson, R. N Benedict College, Columbia, S. C. 

N. L. Kemp, R. N 812 North 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Petra Pinn, R. N Pineridge Hospital, Palm Beach, Fla. 

Was incorporated August 1908 to concentrate nursing forces and raise 
the standard of nursing among colored women. Its present object is to estab- 
lish a Central Nurses Club, to secure openings in public health work for 
colored nurses under the Red Cross, and to influence all graduate nurses to 
become registered. It works partially through publicity, but chiefly through 
local organizations, but has no paid agents. Its territory is national, and its 
income is derived from membership fees. 

Its membership has been increased from 143 to approximately 600. An 
annual convention is held where plans are laid for future development and 
improvement. It has established a National Nurses' Registry. This Association 
plans to establish in New York City a Central Nurses Club, which is to com- 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 37 



bine the headquarters and executive offices of the National Association of 
Colored Graduate Nurss with a Nurses' Home and Registry, the cost of which 
will be $50,000. 

National Alliance of Postal Employes — Indianapolis, Ind. 

OFFICERS 

M. B. Patten, President Houston, Texas 

C. H. M. Collins, Vice-President Kansas City, Kans. 

R. L. Bailey, Secretary Indiaanpolis, Ind. 

A. H. Hendricks, Treasurer Macon Ga. 

Organized October 3, 1913, to combat a segregation and discrimination 
movement launched by the Railway Mail Association (white), and to pro- 
vide sick benefits for its members, death benefits to their dependents, and a 
closer relationship among the colored clerks, with a view of improving the 
service of the men to the government. 

Its primary purpose is to secure a fair and impartial administration of 
the postal laws and regulations for its members. Its channels of work lay 
through local organizations, local meetings, district organizations and national 
organizations and meetings. It issues a monthly magazine, has monthly meet- 
ings, but has no paid agents. It is supported by monthly assessments, and its 
territory embraces the whole of the United States. 

The membership has grown rapidly, now having nearly every colored 
railway postal clerk on its membership roll. Its financial resources has also 
been increased; after having paid all claims for sickness, death and injuries 
to its members, it has a net balance of nearly $12,000, during the year 1920, 
to its credit in the benefit funds and more than $800 in the expense funds. 

Mutual Link Protective Association — Chattanooga, Tenn. 

OFFICERS 

J. J. J. Oldfield Box 21, Chattanooga, Tenn. 

W. B. Bruntley Box 21, Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Luther Rollin Rossville, Ga. 

Organized 1909 to better the economic conditions. Its methods of work 
are conducted through publicity and local organizations. Alabama, Georgia 
and Tennessee are the three states covered by this Association. 

The Negro Organization Society, Inc. — Hampton Institute, Va. 

OFFICERS 

Allen Washington Hampton Institute, Va. 

Rev. A. A. Graham Phoebus, Va. 

Pres. J. M. Gandy Va. N. & I. Inst., Petersburg, Va. 

T. C. Erwin Richmond, Va. 

Organized August 1, 1912 to meet the need of improved conditions among 
Negroes, and the desire for better feeling and understanding between the 
races. The purpose is to have better schools, better health, better homes, and 
better farms. 



38 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



It works through newspapers, an Executive Board, and members of the 
society, and also through churches, Sunday schools, fraternal organizations, 
School Improvement Leagues and Teachers' Associations. It employs one 
field agent. The State of Virginia is the territory embraced, and its income is 
subscribed by membership fees, annual dues, and collections. 

The Society began its actual work August 1, 1912, with a vigorous cam- 
paign for school improvement and for disease prevention. This campaign has 
brought good results. Many new school buildings with proper sanitary ap- 
pointments have been erected and a sentiment for better school conditions has 
been created. To a considerable number of School Improvement Leagues in 
communities where money was being raised to construct a new standard school 
building, appropriations have been made toward the cost of the school. Many 
new School Improvement Leagues have been organized through the assistance 
of the Field Agents and others that were inactive have been revived. In the 
effort to educate the masses of our people in the means of disease prevention 
more than 150,000 Health Bulletins have been actually placed in the hands 
of our people; more than 3,500 persons have signed the Health Creed and 
Pledge and to them the State Health Department sends the Health Bulletins 
as they are published. The four annual Clean-Up Movements have induced 
a total of more than 400,000 Negroes to make their homes and surrounding 
premises sanitary. As an aid in this movement the State Health Department 
published a Health Bulletin especially adapted to Clean-Up Week and during 
the four campaigns 115,000 copies were distributed. 

Educational and health campaigns have been made through many por- 
tions of the state by the Society's agents. Special . campaigns for general 
social uplift were made by the president and secretary and other officers of 
the Society throughout Southwest Virginia in 1913, through Shenandoah Valley 
in 1914, through the Northern Neck of Virginia in 1915, and in certain counties 
bordering on the James River in 1916. 

Several Farmers' Conferences have been organized and others addressed. A 
special effort to encourage cooperation among Negro farmers is being made. 

Inter-State Association Negro Trainmen of America — Oklahoma City, 
Okla. 

OFFICERS 

J. P. Pollard, General President 122 W. Walker St., Denison, Texas 

E. T. Barbour, General Attorney El Reno, Okla. 

S. S. Eslinger, 1st Vice President Wichita, Kans. 

T. W. Driver, Chairman Executive Committee Little Rock, Ark. 

R. A. Buford, General Secretary 312 N. Phillips, Oklahoma City, Okla. 

Organized September, 1917, and chartered in Oklahoma, under special act 
of Congress, Federal Labor Charter, June 16-19, to maintain and insure be- 
tween employer and employees a standardized working condition, and a uni- 
form wage scale. Also to uphold and promote a better working condition 
of employees upon railway lines in the United States, Canada and Mexico. 

The object is to promote and retain such working status as will re-act 
against unjust discrimination and regulations in order that the best working 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 39 



conditions may be maintained. It was also established to promote proficient 
service in the transportation of the traveling public; to maintain exclusive 
jurisdiction and reserve the exclusive right to perfect such organizations among 
railway employees and in such manner as will insure promotion and unionism^ 
to establish six brotherhoods, namely, Pullman Porters, Brakemen, Switchmen, 
etc., etc. Its methods of work are through publicity, local organizations, and 
through paid agents. The territory served is the whole of the United Stales, 
with Canada, and Mexico. 

This organization has about 1,000 memb-rs. Have adjusted matters sat- 
isfactorily between employers and employees, in many instances causing better 
conditions for the men. 

People's Cooperative League of Tennessee — Nashville. Tenn 

OFFICERS 

W. J. Hale State Normal, Nashville, Tenn 

Robert E. Clay Bristol, Tenn. 

J. F. Lane Jackson, Tenn. 

W. L. Porter Knoxville. Tenn 

C. V. Roman Nashville, Tenn. 

R. B. McArthur Bristol, Tenn. 

A. M. Townsend Memphis, Tenn. 

Organized September 26, 1919, to correct the existence of lawlessnss and 
restlessness. Its object is to create a better understanding aid kinder relations 
between the races. It stands for better health, better hornet, belter farms, and 
better citizenship. It propagates its ideas by means o! prii ted circulars, 
press reports, mass meetings and through speakers, also through such local 
organizations as the County Inter-Racial Committees. It lias a paid Executive 
Secretary, who organizes county committees. The State of Tennessee is the 
territory served and its expenses are paid by the National War Work Council 
of the Y. M. C. A. Inter-Racial Committees have bf.en organized in fifty 
Tennessee counties. In many counties of West Tennessee where the colored 
population out-number the white, many knotty problems between the races 
have been solved, and peace and harmony established throughout the state. In 
Sullivan County, Tennessee, a hospital has been purchased costing $10,000, 
which i? to be paid for by the people of that section. 

Florida Anti-Tuberculosis Association — Dyal-UpchurcL, Bldg., Jack- 
sonville, Fla. 

OFFICERS 

Be? nard Tyson Jacksonville, Fla. 

R II. Hixson Jacksonville, Fla. 

Organized for the prevention of tuberculosis. It works through lectures, 
new-papers, circulars, etc., also through ditfeient counties and communities. 
It has a paid executive secretary, field age'.ts and nurses. The State of Florida 
is the beneficiary of this Association. Its income is derived from sale of Red 
Cross Stamps. Although the employed forces are all white, the Negroes are 
being reached through clinics, educational programs, and nurse visitation. 



40 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



National Home Finding Sociey — 1716 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. 

OFFICERS 

Rev. 0. Singleton 1716 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. 

Mrs. 0. Singleton 1716 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. 

Originated in 1913 to provide for dependent and homeless children and 
to care for and place into homes orphan children. 

Its work is given publicity through local and national organizations. 
It works through paid agents who go all over the country soliciting contribu- 
tions. So far it only serves the state of Kentucky. Its sources of income are 
derived from public subscriptions, donations, etc. It has a home paid for 
in the city of Louisville and is purchasing a farm in the country. 

National Funeral Directors' Association. 

OFFICERS 

G. W. Franklin, President Chattanooga, Tenn. 

F. M. Fitch, Secretary Winston-Salem, N. C. 

Preston Taylor, Treasurer Nashville, Tenn. 

The name suggests the object of this organization. It brings together in 
a national organization the Negro undertakers and funeral directors of the 
country and affords a means of discussing their common problems and helps 
in formulating plans for the promotion of their common interest. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 41 



RELIGIOUS 

1. American Baptist Home Missionary Society. 

2. Woman's American Baptist Home Missions Society. 

3. American Church Institute for Negroes. 

4. American Missionary Association (Congregationalist). 

5. Freedmen's Aid Society (Methodist Episcopal). 

6. Woman's Home Missionary Society, M. E. Church. 

7. Board of Missions, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. 

8. Board of Church Extension of the M. E. Church, South. 

9. Women's Home Missionary Council, M. E. Church, South. 

10. Executive Committee of Home Missions of the Southern Presbyterian 

Church. 

11. The Woman's Auxiliary of the Southern Presbyterian Church. 

12. Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United Presbyterian Church 

of North America. 

13. Board of Directors of the Women's General Missionary Society of 

the United Presbyterian Church of North America. 

14. Board of Home Missions of the Reformed Church in the United 

States. 

15. Five \ears Meeting of the Friends of America. 

16. Board of Colored Missions of the Synodical Conference of North 

America 

17. Mission Board of the Christian Church. 

18. Christian Women's Board of Missions. 

19. American Christian Missionary Society. 

20. Board of Missions for Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church in the 

United States of America. 

21. Southern Baptist Convention, Home Mission Board. 

22. Home Mission Council Committee on Negro Work. 

23. International Sunday School Association. 

24. Catholic Board. 

25. Colored Work Committee of the Y. W. C. A. 

26. Colored Men's Department, International Committee Y. M. C. A. 



42 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 

American Baptist Home Mission Society — 23 E. 26th St., New York 
City 

OFFICERS 

Chas. L. White 23 E. 26th St., New York City 

Chas. A. Brooks 23 E. 26th St., New York City 

George Rice Hovey ". 23 E. 26th St., New York City 

Established immediately following the civil war for the purpose of train- 
ing Christian leaders and workers, and giving a general education to those 
who had no opportunity to secure one. Its purpose is Christian training and 
education. It works through schools, churches and community houses. Tlh> 
Southern states comprise its territory, including also the Northern states in 
religious and social work. Its income is derived from contributions from 
churches and some endowment. 

This Society maintains eight major colleges, with an average attendance 
of about 500 students each, including all departments. It also has twenty 
minor schools established and now managed and supported chiefly by tiie 
Negroes themselves, with an average attendance of about 400 students each. 
Some of the colleges are: Virginia Union University, Richmond, Va. ; Shaw 
University, Raleigh, N. C, Benedict College, Columbia, S. C; Morehouse 
College, Atlanta, Ga. ; Bishop College, Marshal!, Texas. Among the academies 
with some junior college work may be mentioned: Storer College, Harper's 
Ferry, W. Va.; State University, Louisville, Ky.; Roger Williams LIniversity, 
Nashville, Tenn.; Jackson College, Jackson, Miss.; Selma University, Selma, 
Ala.; Arkansas Baptist College, Little Rock, Ark.; and many others, a large 
part of which are now entirely supported and managed by the colored people. 
Many Negro ministers have been educated at these schools, and many teachers, 
dentists, physicians and other leaders, and twenty-five or thirty missionaries. 

Woman's American Baptist Home Missions Society — 2969 Vernon 
Ave., Chicago, 111. 

OFFICERS 

Mrs. John Nuveen, Prsident 

Mrs. Katherine S. Westfall, Executive Secretary. 

Mrs. Washington Laycock, Treasurer. 

Provides 91 matrons and teachers in 19 different colored Baptist schools 
throughout the South, and maintains 28 missionaries among Negroes in fifteen 
different states. 

The American Church Institute for Negroes — 416 Lafavette St., New 
York City. 

OFFICERS 
The Rt. Rev. David H. Greer, D. D., President 

Synod Hall, Amsterdam Avenue and 110th St., New York City 

The Rt. Rev. Edwin S. Lines, D. D., Vice-President Newark, N. J. 

William Fellowes Morgan, Esq., Treasurer. . .416 Lafayette St., New York City 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 43 



This Institution is a corporation chartered under the laws of the State 
of Virginia, in 1906, and has for its object the religious education of the 
Negro. It comprises the following schools: 

St. Augustine's School at Raleigh, North Carolina. 

St. Paul's Industrial School at Lawrenceville, Virginia. 

The Bishop Payne Divinity School at Petersburg, Virginia. 

St. Athanasius' School at Brunswick, Georgia. 

T'>e Vicksburg School at Vicksburg, Mississippi. 

St. Mark's School at Birmingham, Alabama. 

St. Mary's School at Columbia, South Carolina. 

Fort Valley School at Fort Valley, Georgia. 

These schools of the Institute either own or lease over two thousand a:res 
of land, have plants worth considerably over $350,000 and are educating ap- 
proximately twenty-six hundred pupils. Thus it will be seen that the Institute 
compares favorably with Hampton and Tuskegee, with this advantage, that as 
its schools are located in six different States, they are able to reach a large 
number of needy students who, on account of the long distance involved, are 
not able to avail themselves of the facilities at the larger schools. Fifteen in- 
dustrial subjects are taught in these Institute schools, while St. Augustine's 
School at Raleigh has a well-equipped Hospital and a fine Training School 
for Nurses. Scholarships cost from $150 in the Bishop Payne Divinity School 
to $75 in one of the academic or normal schools, while an industrial scholarship 
costs only $50. 

Like most of the institutions of this kind, the Institute has been much 
hampered in its work during the financial stress of the past few years, for 
lack of funds, but has been able to appropriate to its schools during the past 
year the sum of 310,550, besides transmitting $3,862.92 donated as special 
gifts to special schools, and has been the medium through which the Board 
of Missions has disbursed its "appropriations" of $39,970 for the Colored 
work in the South. 

Through lack of the necessary funds, it has been unable to realize its 
aims in full measure. Its service to the schools, however, has, unquestionably, 
resulted in creating higher standards of Negro education and better adminis- 
tration not only in the schools directly affiliated with the Institute, but in 
otru'r Negro schools which have been stimulated to higher ideals by these 
examples. 

Di'.ring the past three years it has disbursed to the schools, including the 
appropriations of the Board of Missions through the Institute, $226,486.86. 
In addition to the money disbursed through the Institute, special gifts from 
friends, aggregating approximately $180,000.00 during the three-year period, 
have been sent directly to the school authorities for constructive work and 
maintenance. Thus, during this three-year period, the Church has spent 
for the constructive needs and maintenance of the schools, above enumerated, 
approximately $400,000. 

The following are some of the Institute parochial schools of which the 
Church has forty in the South: 






44 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



St. Augustine School, J. Speight, Principal, St. Augustine, Fla. 

St. Mary's School, Mrs. L. E. Morrison, Principal, Palatka, Fla. 

St. Michaels and All Angels, Rev. A. A. Hewett, Principal, Tallahassee, Fla. 

Rt. Rev. Robt. W. Patton, Special Representative. 

Object is to furnish elementary and secondary education to Negroes. 

Other schools: 

Industrial School, Cocoanut Grove, Fla. 

St. Agnes, Miami, Fla. 

St. John the Baptist, Orlando, Fla. 

El Salvador School, W. Tampa, Fla. 

These schools are parochial in character and all the teachers are paid by 
the Episcopal Board. Not only the Episcopal Church is served but other 
denominations. 

The American Missionary Association — 287 Fourth Ave., New York 
City. 

OFFICERS 

George L. Cady, President 287 Fourth Ave., New York City 

J. E. McAfee, Corresponding Secretary 287 Fourth Ave., New York City 

S. L. Loomis, Associate Secretary 287 Fourth Ave., New York City 

Irving C. Gaylord, Treasurer. 287 Fourth Ave., New York City 

Organized in 1846 "For the propagation of the pure and free Christianity 
from which the sins of caste, poligamy, slave-holding and the like should 
be excluded." 

The object is missionary and educational work among the less priviliged 
races under the flag, Negroes, Indians, Orientals, Porto Ricans, Mexicans, 
white people of the Southern mountains and of Utah. The great aim is to 
promote higher education among these races, and especially among the Negroes, 
for the sake of leadership; that leaders may be raised up who shall at the 
same time be thoroughly educated and thoroughly Christian. 

The Hawaiian Islands, Porto Rico and the South are the special fields 
served. Contributions from churches, chiefly the Congregational, from in- 
dividuals, legacies and endowment funds form the supporting income. 

A Negro agent, Dean L. B. Moore, of Howard University, is regularly 
employed. At the present time, the summer of 1920, he is under a commission 
for six months to go from city to city, mainly in the South, to speak in the 
interest of the promotion of better relations between the two races. Dean Moore 
is the only Negro on the Executive Committee of this Association. However, 
the Association has established among Negroes 154 churches, with a mem- 
bership of 11,622, which are served by 97 home missionaries. 

This Association has been very active in establishing and supporting a 
series of the leading schools for Negroes throughout the whole South. Fisk 
University, of Nashville, Tennessee, and Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, 
are two of the outstanding examples of the activities of this Board. It is a 
well known fact that the American Missionary Association has put several 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 45 



million of dollars in educaion in the South, but their policy of having only 
a loose relationship to these schools, leaving their Board of Directors free and 
independent, means that this Board, though having contributed largely, con- 
trols comparatively few schools. 

Freedman's Aid Society— Cincinnati, Ohio. 

OFFICERS 
I. Garland Penn 420 Plum St., Cincinnati, Ohio 

This Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church has 340,000 members, 
with twenty conferences; sixteen of these conferences and 300,000 members 
being located in the South. They have 3,500 preachers, and twenty schools, 
Gammon Theological Seminary, Atlanta, Georgia, for training their ministers, 
and Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, for training a large per- 
centage of all the Negro doctors for the South. The Board of Negro Educa- 
tion in this Church raises and spends $250,000 annually on its schools. 

In view of the Centenary fund, the following budget for helping Negroes 
in the South for the year 1920, was adopted by the Methodist Episcopal 
Church : 

Educational endowment and buildings $ 460,000 

Other buildings, church, and otherwise 300,000 

Maintenance of teachers, ministers and others 267,000 

Sunday School, Temperance and Epworth League Work 70,000 

' Total $1,097,000 

Woman's Home Missionary Society, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

OFFICERS 
Mrs. Mary L. Woodruff, Cor. Secretary 420 Plum St., Cincinnati, Ohio 

This organization has Secretaries of Negro Work in a number of South- 
ern states: Mrs. L. H. Bunion, Richmond, Ind., Bureau Secretary for Florida; 
Mrs. K. S. Burnett, 4725 North Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa., Bureau Sec- 
retary for Georgia; Mrs. I. D. Jones, 1014 East McMillan Avenue, Cincinnati. 
Ohio, Bureau Secretary for Mississippi; Mrs. E. L. Albright, 1227 East 57th 
Street, Chicago, 111., Bureau Secretary for North and South Carolina; Mrs. 
E. N. Seeds, 966 Highland Avenue, Atlanta, Ga., Bureau Secretary for Texas; 
Mrs. E. L. Knostman, 615 Humboldt Ave., Manhattan, Kansas, Bureau Secretary 
for the Southwestern States. This board maintains the following homes and 
schools for Negroes: Boylan Home Industrial Training School, Jacksonville, 
Fla.; The Kindergarten Thayer Home, Atlanta, Ga.; Haven Home, Savannah, 
Ga.; Elizabeth Rust Home, Holly Springs, Miss.; Browning Industrial Home 
and Mather Academy, Camden, S. C.; Allen Industrial Home and Lurandus 
Beach Industrial School, Asheville, N. C; Eliza Dee King Industrial Home, 
Marshall, Texas; Adeline Smith Home, Little Rock, Ark.; Peck's School of 
Domestic Art and Science, New Orleans, La.; Faith Kindergarten, New 
Orleans. La. 



46 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Board of Missions, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. 

OFFICERS 

Mr. John Pepper, President Memphis, Tenn. 

Dr. W. W. Pinson, General Secretary 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tenn. 

The last General Conference levied an assessment on the Church of 
$55,250 per annum for Negro Work. Of the Centenary funds, $993,000 will 
go to Negro work. 

The Woman's Department of the Board of Missions maintains an Annex 
to Paine College, Augusta, Ga., with organized departments for women. The 
College has an enrollment of 199, with a teaching force of eleven. 

Two Bethlehem Houses are also maintaind by the Women's Board, one 
at Augusta, Ga., and the other at Nashville, Tenn. These Houses have min- 
istered to some 6,000 Negroes through 858 homes; 121 colored children in 
kindergarten; 220 older children given instruction in industrial classes; 100 
young women in Forward Quest Circles; 88 women in Mother's Clubs. 

The object is to relate the better type of educated Negro to the illiterate 
and purposeless class, and to bring the white church element into cooperation 
with these two groups. 

Board of Church Extension of the M. E. Church, South — 1115 Fourth 
Ave., Louisville, Ky. 

OFFICERS 

Bishop W. F. McMurry St. Louis, Mo. 

Rev. S. H. C. Burgin Louisville, Ky. 

Organized February 1884. It gives aid by loans and donations to 
churches of the M. E. Church, South. Its business is conducted through a 
Board which meets annually, and also through an Executive Committee, which 
meets monthly. It serves the territory occupied by the M. E. Church, South, 
principally in the Southern states. This Board has donated to the colored 
Mehodist Church $10,385.81, and cooperates with the Church Extension Board 
of the Colored Methodist Church, of which Dr. R. S. Stout, 817 Chestnut St., 
Louisville, Ky., is Chairman. The work of these boards is to help in the build- 
ing of churches by means of financial aid and expert advice as to location, 
architecture, etc. Plans are on foot to raise a permanent loan fund of not 
less than $15,000 for helping the Colored Methodist Extension Board. 

Woman's Missionary Council, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
South. 

OFFICERS 
Miss Bell H. Bennett, President Richmond, Ky. 

This Board maintains Bethlehem Houses at Augusta, Ga., and Nashville, 
Tenn., through which some thousand homes are reached. It also maintains 
the Paine Annex to Paine College, with an enrollment of two hundred students 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 47 



and eleven teachers. It has a Virginia Johnson Home for delinquent girls 
in Dallas, Texas, and a Door of Hope in Macon, Georgia. 

Executive Committee of Home Missions of the Southern Presbyterian 
Church — Atlanta, Ga. 

OFFICERS 

Rev. S. L. Morris, Secretary Atlanta, Ga. 

A. N. Sharp, Treasurer Atlanta, Ga. 

Rev. W. A. Young, Evangelist Tuscaloosa, Ala. 

Rev. R. K. Timmons, President Tuscaloosa, Ala. 

Organized about 1890 by the General Assembly, and known as the Execu- 
tive Committee of Colored Evangelization. In May 1911 it was consolidated 
with the Extension Committee of Home Missions. 

Its present object is the education of ministers and leaders for colored 
people, and the evangelization of the Negroes. 

It reaches the public by appeals and promotion in the religious press; 
also through the development of Negro churches, presbyteries, etc. Its paid 
agents are W. A. Young, evangelist, and the faculty of Stillman Institute, 
Tuscaloosa, Ala. Its field of work consists of the territory of the Presbyterian 
Church U. S. 

The Executive Committee of Home Missions has as one of its eight 
departments, Colored Evangelization. It promotes and maintains Senecar 
Memorial Synod, consisting of four presbyteries with thirty-five ministers, 
serving sixty-two churches and missions, with 2,700 communicants. Missions 
shools for Negroes are maintained at Louisville, Ky., Atlanta, Ga., Richmond, 
Va., Abbeville, S. C, and Stillman Institute, Tuscaloosa, Ala. This last 
institute is for the education of the Negro ministry. Plans are being made to 
enlarge Stillman Institute by adding a department for girls, and erect a 
dormitory, at a cost of $60,000. 

The Woman's Auxiliary of the Southern Presbyterian Church. 

OFFICERS 

Mrs. W. C. Winsborough, Superintendent 257 Field Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. 

Mrs. D. O. McMillan, Treasurer 300 West 7th St., Fulton, Mo. 

The unique piece of work being done by the white women of the Southern 
Presbyterian Church is the Annual Conference for Colored Women held at 
Stillman Institute, Tuscaloosa, Ala. The object of these conferences is to 
bring modern methods of church and Sunday school work, of serving and 
cooking, and other useful industries, to the women who are too old for school. 
At the last meeting there were present 160 delegates from 59 towns in eleven 
states, representing eight denominations. The expenses of the majority of 
these delegates were borne by white women of the Southern Presbyterian 
Church. 



48 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 

The Board of Freedman's Missions of the United Presbyterian Church, 
of North America — Pittsburg, Pa. 

OFFICERS 

J. D. Rankin, President Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

R. W. McGranaham, Executive Secretary 209 9th St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Organized in 1864 to minister to the needs of Negroes, primarily in a 
spiritual sense, but incidentally physically and intellectually. 

Its purpose is to equip and maintain training schools and to train leaders 
most efficiently for the Negro population. It maintains thirteen mission schools 
in the South. Its field of work lies in sections of Tennessee, Alabama and the 
East. It is supported by gifts from the United Presbyterian Church. 

The total number of workers employed are one hundred and fifty-one. 
The Freedmen's Bureau maintains the following schools: 

Tennessee: Knoxville, Athens, Riceville. 

Alabama: Millers Ferry, Camden, Canton Bend, Pairie and Arlington, (all 
in Wilcox County). 

Eastern Group: Henderson, Chase City, Norfolk, Townville, Blue Stone 
and Lakeville. 

Enrollment for 1919, thirty-two hundred students. 

Other schools maintained by the Board are: 

Palatka Presbyterian School, Palatka, Fla. 

Laura Presbyterian School, Jacksonville, Fla. 

St. Augustine Presbyterian School, St. Augustine, Fla. 

Board of Directors of the Women's General Missionary Society of the 
United Presbyterian Church of North Ameican. 

OFFICERS 

Mrs. J. D. Sands, President 137 Roup St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Mrs. J. H. Maxwell, Recording Secretary 142 Taylor St., Beaver, Pa. 

Mrs. Ada K. Wilson, Freedman Secretary. . .1112 South Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 
Mrs. J. B Hill, Treasurer 109 Ninth St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

The purpose is to educate and Christianize in order to make good citizens 
and good Christians; also to supply leaders for the Negroes' own uplift. It 
establishes schools and churches in each of the twelve stations occupied by 
its Society. All its workers are paid. It serves Virginia, North Carolina, 
Tennessee, and Alabama. It is supported by contributions from Missionary 
Societies of the denomination. 

This work began very soon after the close of the war. It commenced 
with small community schools. The Women's Board and Freedmen's Board 
cooperate in each station. The women supply the domestic science and sewing 
teachers, and matrons of dormitories, and are responsible for the upkeep of 
the whole plants at Prairie, Alabama, and Miller's Ferry, Ala. The aim 
that better ideas of home and home-making be fostered has been accomplished'. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 49 



Ministers have been provided, as well as teachers, carpenters and painters 
In fact, all professions and trades have been taught. The faculties at Knox- 
ville College, the highest grade school of this Society, and Chase City \ a 
are almost entirely composed of white teachers. All the other schools are 
manned by graduates of this denomination. The Board cooperates at 
Annie Manie, Prairie, Canton Bend, Miller's Ferry, Camden, Ala ; Athens 
Riceville, Knoxville, Tenn.; Henderson, Townville, N. C, and Chase' City and 
Blue Stone, Va. 

Board of Home Missions of the Reformed Church in the United States, 
11th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 

OFFICERS 

C. E. Miller, President Tiffin, Ohio 

J. H. Mickley, Secretary Johnstown, Pa. 

C. E. Schaeffer, General Secretary Philadelphia Pa 

J. S. Wise, Treasurer Philadelphia,' Pa' 

Organized in 1863 to coordinate Home Mission work in the Reformed 
Church in the United States. 

Its object is to establish the Kingdom of God in the life of America, 
to Americanize foreigners, to assist churches in erection of buildings, to carry 
forward work of evangelization and social service. Publicity is given 
through the "Outlook of Missions", lantern slides, lectures, pamphlets, etc., 
and through such local organizations as committees, conferences, etc. It 
employs a District Superintendent, and serves a territory including the United 
States and a portion of Canada. It receives its support through apportion- 
ment of churches, voluntary contributions by individuals, etc. 

This Board has 244 missions on roll; its income for the years 1917-1920 
being $699,535, an increase of $140,000 over previous triennials. In all its 
work it attempts to serve Negroes as well as whites. 

The Five Years Meeting of the Friends in America — Central Office, 
101 South Eighth St., Richmond, Va. 

OFFICERS 
Walter C. Woodward, General Secretary. 
Ruthanna M. Simms, Assistant Secretary. 

Maintains the following institutions for Negroes: 

1. Indianapolis Asylum for Friendless Colored Children, 21st St. and 
Boulevard Place, Indianapolis, Ind. 

2. New York Colored Missions, 225-227 West 30th St., New York City. 

3. Southland Institute, Southland, Ark. Transformed from an orphanage 
into a school, with enrollment of 350 colored students in 1919. 

4. High Point Normal and Industrial School, High Point, N. C. This 
school provides common and high school education and industrial training. 

Perhaps the most interesting of these schools is the Southland Institute. 



50 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 

Southland Institute — Southland, Arkanas. (Near Helena.) 

OFFICERS 

Dr. N. S. Cox, Chairman of Committee in Charge, 

2012 South A St., Richmond, Ind. 
Ruthanna M. Simms, Executive Secretary. . .101 South 8th St., Richmond, Ind. 

Established in April 1864, at Helena, Ark., in response to request of Gen- 
eral Buford, Post Commandant at Helena, that Friends establish an Orphan 
Asylum there for colored children. It has been transformed into a school, 
where a good common school education, including high school, and such 
training as will best fit the students for duties of life can be obtained. Plans 
are now under way for expert survey of the school and development on all 
lines, especially industrial training for both boys and girls. Its work is 
conducted through annual reports to Society of Friends publications; through 
local organizations, especially through Friends' Sunday schools. The super- 
intendent and matron, principal and teachers are all paid for their services, 
also the executive secretary of the Board of Home Missions of the Five Years 
Meeting of Friends. 



*» 



The State of Arkansas is the territory served by this organization, and 
the income is derived from an annual budget raised by the Friends in America. 

From 1864 to 1920 this work was under direction of and supported by 
Friends in Indiana. It is now transferred to care of Board of Home Missions 
of the Five Years Meeting of Friends in America (a national organization) and 
plans are going forward for important improvements in buildings, equipment 
and teaching force, especially for development of a model farm and industrial 
training department for both boys and girls. The enrollment in 1918-1919 was 
350 students. 

High Point Normal and Industrial School for Colored Students — High 
Point, N. C. 

OFFICERS 
George D. Hilyard 144 East 49th St., New York City 

The object of this institution is to give a common school and high school 
education with industrial training. High Point, N. C, and some parts of 
neighboring states form the territory benefitted. The expenses are met by 
the New York Yearly Meeting of Friends, also by the City of High Point. 

Board of Colored Missions of the Synodical Conference of North 
America — St. Louis, Mo. 

OFFICERS 

C. F. Drewes, Director of Missions 3712 Vista Place, St. Louis, Mo. 

Geo. Megger, Chairman of Board Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo. 

E. Schnettner, Treasurer 325 Merchants-LaClede Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. 

Organized June 25, 1888, to carry on work among the heathen and 
freedmen of the South. Its object is to Christianize the Negro. Its work is 
conducted through two mission papers, German and English: "The Lutheran 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 51 



Pioneer," P. J. Lankenan, 316 Clinton St., Napoleon, Ohio. The South, es- 
pecially the states of North and South Carolina, Alabama and Louisiana, is 
the territory served by this Board of Missions. It is supported by voluntary 
contributions. 

Mission Board of the Christian Church — C. P. A. Bldg., Ludlow and 
5th Sts., Dayton, Ohio. 

OFFICERS 
Omer S. Thomas, Secretary Mission Rooms, C. P. A. Bldg., Dayton, Ohio 

Franklinton College, Franklinton, N. C, is the only institution this Church 
has for the Negroes. The College has a fine plant and is doing good work. 
The buildings are comparatively new, though the institution itself has been 
running for a number of years. 

Christian Women's Board of Missions — Indianapolis, Ind. 

OFFICERS 

Mrs. Anna C. Atwater, President College of Missions, Indianapolis, Ind. 

Prof. J. B. Lehman, Superintendent of Negro Work Edward, Miss. 

The Christian Woman's Board of Missions expended last year a little 
over $106,000 for Negro work divided into the following lines of work: 

1. Social Settlement work — 

The Flanner House in Indianapolis, Ind., is presided over by Dr. Charles 
Lee, a white man. It has a nursery, tubercular work, and rescue work. 

2. Educational work — 

(a) The Southern Christian Institute, Edwards, Miss., eighteen white 
teachers and two colored. Enrollment, 250 from sixteen states and two foreign 
countries. 1,265 acres of land and a plant valued at 82126,505.28. Total 
income, $35,128.97. Maintains primary school, the grades, academy and 
college. 

(b) The Jarvis Christian Institute, Hawkins, Texas, sixteen colored 
teachers. Enrollment, 148 from five states. 638 acres of land and a plant 
valued at $100,000.00. Total income, $26,203.38. Maintains primary, the 
grades and academy. 

(c) The Piedmont Christian Institute, Martinsville, Va., eight colored 
teachers. Enrollment, 113, mostly local. 30 acres of land and a plant worth 
about $50,000. Total income, $7,951.80. Maintains from primary to 12th 
grade. 

(d) Alabama Christian Institute, Lum, Ala., seven colored teachers. 
Enrollment, 74, local. 60 acres and a plant worth $10,000. Total income, 
$3,717.73. Teaches first ten grades. 

(e) The Central Christian Institute, Louisville, Ky. We have just 
bought 136 acres of land and propose to erect a junior college for theological 



training. 



3. Evangelistic work — 



52 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 

The Board assists state evangelists in eight states and assists twelve local 
churches at strategic poins. All evangelists colored. 

4. Organizing work — 

(a) Two Sunday chool field workers are maintained for all their time 
to bring that work to a higher plane. Field workers colored. 

(b) One organizer for Woman's Missionary Societies. Organizer 
colored. 

5. General development work — 

(a) The Gospel Plea, a weekly paper circulates in sixteen states and 
is accomplishing a most excellent work as it is being subscribed for by both 
colored and white. 

(b) General field work. The Superintendent visits most of the State 
conventions. Superintendent white. 

The colored churches raise from three to ten percent, of the maintenance 
money, by cooperating directly with the general work. We are aiming to 
carry them along on as nearly an equality as possible, always giving them 
a full share on the national programs. 

American Christian Missionary Society — Cincinnati, Ohio. 

OFFICERS 

F. W. Burnham, President Cincinnati, Ohio 

P. H. Moss, Superintendent of Bible School Edwards, Miss. 

Earl Williams, Associate Superintendent Matthews, Ala. 

The only work this Board is doing at present, 1920, among the Negroes, 
is through the Bible School Dpartment, headed by P. H. Moss, located at 
Edwards, Miss. Other work is being done through the Christian Woman's 
Board at Indianapolis, Ind. 

The Board of Missions for Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church in 
the U. S. A. — Pittsburgh, Pa. 

OFFICERS 

Rev. S. J. Fisher, President and Publicity Secretary Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Rev. J. M. Gaston, General Secretary and Treasurer Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Mrs. W. T. Larimore, General Secretary Woman's Work Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Miss Roberta C. Barr, Field Representative Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Organized in 1865. Emancipation led the General Assembly to organize 
a Committee on Freedmen, which was incorporated as a Board in 1882. The 
object was Christian education of the Negroes, especially in the South; the 
creation of a trained ministry; provision for higher education of those capable 
of receiving it, and so creating leaders. Provision is also made for needed 
teachers for colored schools; evangelization of all, and support of the needy 
churches in the North and South. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 53 



Its work is conducted through the New Era Magazine, church papers; 
study book, "The Negro, an American Asset"; leaflets, posters, articles in 
church publications and advertisements. It also works through such organiza- 
tions as the General Assembly synodical and presbyterial societies, young 
people's societies, Sabbath Schools, and study classes. It employs four evan- 
gelists, and a Field Missionary. The North and South are the fields ministered 
to. Its support is received from churches, Sunday schools, women's societies, 
and individuals. 

In addition to the parent Board of this church, the Board of Publication 
and Sunday School Work, the Freedmen's Board of Home Missions, and the 
Women Board for aid of Freedmen's Mission work, are organizations giving 
attention to the Negroes in the South. 

This Church has three synods in the South, composed of three presby- 
teries each. They have about 25,000 communicants, and in addition they are 
assisting financially the colored Cumberland Presbyterian Church, with some 
25,000 more communicants. 

The Women's Board of Freedmen for Aid in the colored mission work is 
sustaining schools for Negro girls. They give industrial training, home 
economics, etc. 

This Church expended in 1918-19 $215,000 on Negro education in the 
South. It had two colleges, 25 secondary schools, 113 elementary schools. 
These were 150 collegiate students, three professional students, 1,610 secondary 
students, 16,316 elemenary students, and a teaching staff of 434. Connected 
with the Sunday School Publishing Board there are thirteen Negro mission- 
aries in the South. 

Southern Baptist Convention. 

OFFICERS 
B. D. Gray, Corresponding Secretary Atlanta, Ga. 

Through the Home Mission Board the Southern Baptist Church has been 
covering a large field of work among the Negroes. The work has been dircted 
chiefly to evangelism and religious instruction, and this effort has been richly 
rewarded by an unusually large membership among the Negroes in that 
denomination. Biblical and theological instruction has been given rather than 
along literary lines. The Baptist Mission Board is at present maintaining 
Bible instructors in a number of Negro Baptist schools with most gratifying 
results. It is the intention of the Board to enlarge the religious instruct ion for 
the Negroes in a measure commensurate with the needs and increased ability 
of Southern white Baptists to render this service. 

The Negro Baptists of the South have a number of denominational schools 
under their ownership and direction which have had the good will and moral 
support of white Baptists, and in some degree their financial support. It is 
the purpose of the Home Mission Board of the Baptist Church in the South 
to render such financial help as may be possible during the five-year period 
upon which they have entered. The cooperative mission work of the Home 
Mission Board of the National Baptist Convention is under the leadership of 



54 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Rev. J. A. Booker, D. D., who is Corresponding Secretary. For years a num- 
ber of select, gifted and consecrated instructors have been maintained among 
the Negro Baptists. They are doing a work of abiding and far-reaching results 
in theological institutes, ministers' and deacons' meetings, and in teaching 
theological students in several of the schools that are being helped. Standing 
prominently in the ranks is the work being done at Selma University, by Dr. 
A. F. Owens, who wields a mighty influence among the nearly one hundred 
ministerial students at Selma University. 

Rev. C. 0. Boothe, D. D., has also for years given the benefit of his cul- 
ture and consecration in the uplift of the ministry and laymen among the 
colored churches. 

The Southern Baptist Convention has just undertaken to cooperate with 
the Negroes in establishing a theological seminary for training Negro ministers 
in Nashville, Tennessee. Two hundred thousand dollars is to be contributed, 
and as soon as the school is thoroughly launched, the direction of the same will 
be turned over to the Negro Baptists. 

Home Missions Council Committee on Negro Work — 156 Fifth Ave., 
New York City. 

OFFICERS 

George R. Hovey, Chairman. 

George E. Haynes, Executive Secretary. 

Rev. R. W. Roundy, Assistant Executive Secretary. 

Mr. Roundy's work lies among the Northern Negroes. He was appointed 
to this special work when the multitude of Negroes migrated from the South. 
His task has been to assemble the leaders of both races, in city after city, and 
bring them face to face with questions relative to the adequacy of the program 
of the churches to meet the need of the Negroes, and to bring to the attention 
of the proper agencies the needs brought to light by these investigations. 
Conferences of this nature have been held in New York, Philadelphia, Newark, 
Cleveland and Pittsburgh. The object is to promote fellowship, conference 
and cooperation among Christian organizations doing missionary work among 
Negroes. The work is conducted to a great extent through conferences of 
leaders of all denominations. Donations from the Home Mission Council 
are made for carrying forward this work. 

The outstanding recent achievement of the Committee on Negro work was 
the conference called in 1919 of representatives of all the leading organizations 
for the welfare of Negroes, North and South. This conference of about one 
hundred white and colored men and women, presided over by a Bishop of the 
Church, formulated a pronouncement which was reported to the Federal 
Council of Churches, and that body was asked to give it as wide circulation 
as possible. In that way this pronouncement, with its stirring appeal, has 
been scattered broadcast throughout the whole country, and has found its way 
into practically all religious and denominational papers and many secular 
periodicals, and has been published as a bulletin by the Home Missions Coun- 
cil under the caption of "A Race Crisis". 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



oa 



This pronouncement challenges the church to the following constructive 
program: 

1. Creation of public sentiment for impartial guarantee of security of 
life and property for all groups. 

2. Economic justice, equal opportunity to get and hold work on same 
basis as other men. 

3. Protection of sanctity of home and womanhood. 

4. Adequate recreational provision for the Negro citizens. 

5. Endorsement of plea of Negroes for equal traveling accommodations 
and for equal pay. 

6. Adequate educational facilities for Negro youth. 

7. Administration of qualifications for franchise, irrespective of race, 
color or creed. 

8. Promotion of cooperation and understanding between the races. 

International Sunday School Association. 

OFFICERS 

H. C. Lyman, Superintendent 78 E. Mitchell St., Atlanta, Ga. 

W. N. Hartshorn, Chairman of Committee 85 Broad St., Boston, Mass. 

In the Department of Work Among the Negroes, Sunday School Teacher 
Training Classes have been conducted in 190 Negro educational institutions 
in twenty states, in the years 1918-1919. In eight years 17,619 students in 
these 190 institutions have specialized in Sunday school teacher training. 

The following is a brief report from various states: 

Alabama — 23 schools, 532 students enrolled in S. S. teacher training 
classes. 

Arkansas — 1 school, 16 students. 

District of Columbia — 3 schools, 30 students. 

Florida — 6 schools, 40 students. 

Georgia- — 16 schools, 351 students. 

Kansas — 2 schools, 52 students. 

Kentucky — 3 schools, 55 students. 

Louisiana — 3 schools, 60 students. 

Mississippi — 9 schools, 192 students. 

Missouri — 2 schools, 49 students. 

North Carolina — 18 schools, 286 students. 

Ohio — 1 school, 8 students. 

Pennsylvania — 2 schools, 68 students. 

South Carolina — 13 schools, 322 students. 

Tennessee — 11 schools, 329 students. 

Texas — 6 schools, 250 students. 

Virginia — 10 schools, 344 students. 

West Virginia — 2 schools, 158 students. 



56 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Catholic Board — New York City. 

For elementary and secondary education and religious training. It works 
through parochial schools, teachers and priests. Is supported hy the 
Catholic constituency. This Board has schools located at the following points: 

St. Joseph's School Pensacola, Fla. 

St. John the Evangelist Warrington, Fla. 

St. Peter Claver's School Tampa, Fla. 

St. Benedict's School Ybor City, Fla. 

St. Francis Zavier's School Key West, Fla. 

St. Benedict the Moor's Catholic School Fernandina, Fla. 

Colored Work Committee of the Young Women's Christian Associ- 
ation — 600 Lexington Ave., New York City . 

OFFICERS 

Mrs. Charlotte Wallace, Chairman of National Committee, 

600 Lexington Ave., New York City 
Miss Eva Bowles, Executive Secretary. . . .600 Lexington Ave., New York City 

Present program planned in 1915 at meeting of both white and colored 
women in Louisville, Ky. Work grew out of desire of women of both races 
to face facts squarely together, and to work toward a solution of the problem. 

Its purpose is to make possible to a growing number of colored girls a 
richer life, using regular methods of the Young Women's Christian Association. 
Its channels of work lie through the regular Y. W. C. A. program, including 
boarding home, gymnasium, clubs among various groups of girls; educational 
classes, religious meetings, Bible classes, etc. The colored Association oper- 
ates as an affiliated branch of the Central City Association, the General Sec- 
retary of the colored Association being a member of the Central City staff of 
secretaries. The United States is the field covered, with appropriations from 
National and field budgets, also contributions. 

The growth of the Y. W. C. A. has been phenomenal among the colored 
women. At present there are fourteen headquarters' secretaries, a National 
Studert Secretary ,and ten industrial secretaries in as many centers. In twe.ity- 
two cities clubs of employed girls have been organized into a membership 
of 3,000, while approximately 7,000 others have been benefitted through the 
club work, factory meetings and lectures. Much of the work of the Y. W. C. A. 
among colored women was made possible by the ardent need during the war, 
and a great many activities begun at that time have been continued. Confer- 
ences of various kinds are being held, viz.: Conference for training of both 
paid and volunteer workers, industrial conferences, and already six summer 
Student Conferences have been held. A great contribution is being made toward 
a better understanding between the races by conferences of both white and 
colored women, where together they face facts, and together plan a forward 
program. Colored secretaries have a sympathetic and cordial hearing at the 
large summer conferences, and what is more important, they are being invited 
to speak at smaller student gatherings, such as cabinet councils, where they 
have a chance to interpret the needs of the colored girl to the college women 
of this generation. 

S 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 57 

Colored Men's Department, International Committee of Young Men's 
Christian Association — 347 Madison Avenue, New York City. 

OFFICERS 
William J. Schiefflein, Chairman. 
Jesse E. Mooreland, Sr., Secretary. 

This organization maintains 114 Associations in the colored colleges and 
schools of America, and 44 city industrial and other departments. It hold a 
Student Conference each year at King's Mountain, North Carolina, and a 
Summer School for training general secretaries at Harper's Ferry, West Vir- 
ginia. Fifteen cities have buildings which cost more than $100,000, into 
each of which Mr. Julius Rosenwald has put $25,000. The work undertaken 
is of the same general type of that which is done for the white men. 

Lott Carey Convention — Richmond, Va. 

OFFICERS 

C. S. Brown, President Winton, N. C. 

A. A. Graham, Corresponding Secretary Phoebus, Va. 

W. T. Johnson 110 E. Leigh St., Richmond, Va. 

J. H. Hughes Orange, N. J. 

Organized 1895, to promote foreign missions in Africa and Haiti. Its 
objectives: Foreign missions in Liberia, Cape Colony, Haiti, South America, 
and sending workers, building schools and churches. It works through the 
Lott Carey Herald, pamphlets, circulars, and newspapers. Also through such 
local organizations as churches, Sunday schools, mission bands, etc. It pays 
its Corresponding Secretary a salary. 

The territory served by this organization includes North Carolina, Vir- 
ginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and parts of other states. Its 
income is derived from churches, associations and Sunday schools. 

During its existence as a distinct missionary organization, it has established 
a splendid work in South Africa, which is conducted by six missionaries super- 
vised by the South African Baptist Association. Seven missionaries are now 
operating in Liberia, where a splendid work has been and is being done. 
Schools have been planted near Brewerville, and two substantial buildings 
have been erected. This Convention is now preparing to increase largely the 
number of workers there, and are now aiding the Baptists in the Congo. 

Ten workers, pastors and teachers, in Haiti, have been located at Cape 
Haitien, St. Marc, Frou, Port-au-Prince, and Jacmel. Two missionaries have 
been stationed in Venezuela, South America, and there are nine new workers 
ready to sail for the foreign field. The receipts last year amounted to thirty 
thousand dollars. 



58 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



A FEW OF THE CITIES UNDERTAKING INTER-RACIAL WORK 

Nashville, Tennessee Hattiesburg, Mississippi 

Memphis, Tennessee Fort Worth, Texas 

Atlanta, Georgia Montclair, New Jersey 

New Orleans, Louisiana Jersey City, New Jersey 

Louisville, Kentucky Pensacola, Florida 

Charlotte, North Carolina Chicago, Illinois 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

In the last three or four years a number of cities in the country have 
undertaken definite work for Negroes, although the work is sporadic and 
few people even in the cities where it is located know of its being carried on. 
Nevertheless, a great deal is being done in certain cities. Notable examples 
of this movement, with the prominent white organizations of the city cooperat- 
ing, are Nashville, Tenn.; Memphis, Tenn. ; Chicago, 111.; Louisville, Ky.; and 
Atlanta, Ga. The work in a number of these cities is appended without any 
attempt of giving a full detail account of all the activities in the various cities. 
These are sufficiently typical to give encouragement to other cities and by writ- 
ing to the various organizations responsible in these cities, full information 
can be secured. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 59 

Nashville, Tennessee Plan of Inter-Racial Work. 

It was decided by those who are most interested in improving the rela- 
tionship between the two races in Nashville, Tennessee, that the best agency 
through which they might work was the Commercial Club — an organization 
which includes in its membership men of every type and profession, and which 
has taken the leadership in all matters relating to civic welfare. The Presi- 
dent of the Club, an unusually progressive and influential citizen, and the Board 
of Governors, readily consented to appoint a committee of sixteen representa- 
tive citizens who should make the matter of race relationship one of prime 
consideration by the present administration of the Club. In the selection of 
this committee, care was taken to secure all those who had previously given 
special attention to the racial situation in Nashville, or whose work brought 
them in relation thereto. There were representatives of the Advisory Board 
of the Negro Urban League and of the local Law and Order League; the 
President of the Commercial Club and some half-dozen business men of the 
most influential in the city; a member of the Park Commission; the President 
of the Traction Company; the Manager of an important newspaper; three men 
prominently connected with the colleges of the city, and three of the most 
prominent preachers who had come in most vital and sympathetic contact 
with Negro preachers. This committee decided at its first meeting to call into 
conference a corresponding committee of Negroes to be selected by their 
leaders, and consisting of those who were equally representative of all pro- 
fessions and points of view. 

At the first joint meeting, after a full and frank discussion lasting the 
entire afternoon, the Negro committee was requested to draw up a full state- 
ment of the practical plans that they would like to see brought about in Nash- 
ville. At the next meeting, this statement was made the basis of discussion; it 
was unanimously decided that five sub-committees should be appointed to take 
under consideration the important points of the program outlined by the 
Negroes. Accordingly, committees were appointed to consider and make sug- 
gestions as to: (1) justice in the city and county courts; (2) the uniform 
and impartial application of the street car laws; (3) the handling by the 
newspapers of news relating to Negroes; (4) the improvement in equipment 
and in the quality of teachers in the Negro schools; (5) parks, playgrounds 
and general living conditions. 

These committees have accomplished some real things. It was seen 
that at a time of great unrest and of growing friction between the races, it was 
necessary to provide for any emergency that might lead to an outbreak of 
violence. In response to a pointed inquiry from members of the committee, 
and in harmony with their suggestion, the Mayor of the city responded: "I 
have both the will and intention, should any occasion arise, to exercise even 
legal power and authority to the end that all persons, of whatever condition, 
race, color, or nationality, shall be dealt with justly and protected in all their 
rights, that violence and disorder shall be suppressed and punished, and thai 
the public peace shall be kept and the majesty of the law upheld." To make 
these words good he, in cooperation with the Chief of Police, has worked out 
a carefully selected reserve police force, which could be called in case of an 
emergency, and he has also definitely committed himself to the policy of call- 
ing upon the Governor for additional protection. The committee went further 



60 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



and decided to employ a special lawyer who shall devote his time to the inves- 
tigation of police courts, the arrests of Negroes by Deputy Sheriffs, and the 
general status of the Negro in the courts. Such a lawyer, they believe, will do 
much to alleviate the evil, that most candid men will admit, and will at the 
same time win the cooperation of the best Negro leaders in he discovery and 
punishment of crime. 

As to the continuous danger involved in the mingling of the races, on street 
cars, the Traction Company officers, one of them a member of the Committee, 
have repeatedly given instructions to their conductors to enforce strictly and 
impartially the law that demands separation in the cars. Within the past few 
weeks, three arrests have been made for violation of the law — one Negro and 
two white men. The newspapers gave publicity to the words of the judge of 
the City Court in assessing a fine upon the whites, when he said with much 
positiveness that he would always punish a white man as readily as a Negro 
for failure to comply with this law. The members of the committee are 
watching carefully any condition that may lead to race friction at this point. 

The Chairman of the sub-committee on Education, the President of 
Peabody College, is especially fitted to consider the details involved in the 
proper administration and supervision of Negro schools. Slowly and care- 
fully, he and his colleagues, are making a survey of the entire situation, in 
cooperation with our Superintendent of City Schools, and will undoubtedly 
have definite and well grounded suggestions to be made for the coming school 
year. There has also been a notable improvement in the handling of news 
relating to the Negro, the activities of the race being given more and more 
prominence, one of the papers carrying at least two columns every Sunday 
morning, summarizing the various activities among the colored people during 
the week. The reporters and editors have been made aware of the com- 
plaints sometimes registered as to their magnifying the crimes of Negroes, and 
their minimizing their better achievements. Another grievance, the lack of 
sufficient park facilities, has been met by the prompt action of the Park Com- 
mission in promising an additional park for colored people during the com- 
ing year. 

More important than any one of these substantial achievements of the 
committee, is the fact that white members have been brought to a new con- 
ception of the better class of Negroes in Nashville, and of their capacity for 
leadership. While nearly every one of them has known some particular Negro 
or two, none of them realized the great progress that has been made by the 
better class, nor the interest manifested by them in the general welfare of 
their people as a whole. At the end of every joint meeting, there has been' a 
general agreement that the discussions and revelations of facts had been noth- 
ing less than remarkable. On the other hand the Negroes have welcomed 
gratefully and enthusiastically the manifestation of this new sympathetic 
attitude. 

And this change in point of view has permeated the community as a 
whole. Sometimes as a natural consequence, and sometimes as a happy 
coincidence, there have been expressions of the same spirit in the life of the 
community. Sermons preached in white churches and reported in the news- 
papers, the visiting of Negro schools and colleges by members of the com- 
mittee, the organization by the Y. M. C. A. of an intercollegiate Board for 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 61 

all the colleges of the city, white and black, the meeting of the white and 
colored branches of the Legion of Honor at the Commercial Club, several 
meetings of the white and colored ministers of the city — all of these and others 
that might be cited, are indications of a new spirit of sympathy and coopera- 
tion. The local situation has been likewise helped by the fact that several 
large state meetings have been held in Nashville, which have made ringing 
declarations on this important question. 

Memphis, Tennessee, 

The Memphis Chamber of Commerce has projected two organizations 
which will be of great service to the colored people: (1) The Social Agencies' 
Endorsement Committee, and (2) the Industrial Welfare Committee. 



OFFICERS 

J. A. Riechman, Chairman Memphis, Tenn. 

M. S. Binswanger, Committeeman Memphis, Tenn. 

Hays Flowers, Committeeman Memphis, Tenn. 

S. M. Williamson, Committeeman Memphis, Tenn. 

Miss Mary Russell, Committeeman Memphis, Tenn. 

This organization will be a Central Council of Social Agencies. The 
Negro organizations will be represented in this central council on the same 
basis as white agencies. One of the prominent activities of the Committee 
will be the devlopment of the. negro agencies in the community for improve- 
ment of the conditions of the Negroes. The Committee was organized on 
July 2, 1919, for the benefit of social work in Memphis. The object will be 
the constant study of social work and agencies of the city as basis of endorse- 
ment, for raising standards of work, helping weak agencies doing a necessary 
work, and protection of the contributing public. 

It works through the Memphis Chamber of Commerce, and through local 
organizations with one full time secretary and one assistant employed. 

All agencies doing social and welfare work are studied. Endorsement has 
been granted to 28 thus far. Assistance is rendered some that have not been 
endorsed, but which are recognized as being needed, so they may overcome 
obstacles to endorsement. 

This committee as a Central Council of Social Agencies in Memphis, serves 
as an avenue for working out an understanding between social service agencies 
whose fields of work touch; to promote cooperation between social agencies, 
public and private; to prevent avoidable duplication of effort; to develop 
higher standards of work; to represent the united forces of Memphis for needed 
publicity; development of legislation in the social field; to serve the social 
service agencies and the community in such ways as the Council may deem wise. 

The following are some of the policies to be pursued by the Industrial 
Welfare Committee and their reason for adopting them: 

Due to the activities of industrial centers in the north, which have been 
and are offering many alluring inducements for Negro labor to move to such 
centers, large numbers of Negro families have migrated from this and other 



62 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Southern communities, causing an actual and acute menace to our own indus- 
tries and the Committee is brought faca to face with the absolute necessity 
of our city fulfilling its obligations and responsibilities to the Negro race in 
order to counteract, or at least meet, the competition of the Northern industrial 
movements. 

The Committee, through its rather exhaustive investigation and survey of 
conditions among the Negro population of this city, feels that it is justified in 
urging upon the whita citizens, most especially the business people of Memphis, 
that a systematic effort be made to improve living and social conditions in and 
among this important element of our population. 

The Committee has adopted as its basic principle this policy, viz: "The 
white citizens, functioning through the Industrial Welfare Committee of the 
Chamber of Commerce, stand ready to help those of the Negro race who are 
willing and sincerely anxious to help themselves." 

The Committee proposes to furnish financial aid to such undertakings and 
projects as are and may be fostered by Negro organizations where the said 
organizations and projects have — 

(a) The unqualified indorsement of the purposes and policies of the 
proposed activities, and 

(b) Where a substantial amount of the funds required shall have been 
provided by the negroes themselves. 

No funds will be distributed until a thorough and complete investigation 
of the project shall have been made and the Committee fully convinced of 
the soundness and feasibility of the undertaking. All moneys shall be duly 
accounted for. 

Summarizing the results of interviews with many representatives of the 
Negro race in Memphis and vicinity the Committee is of the unanimous opinion 
that with your cooperation and financial assistance it is quite possible for 
conditions to be made most satisfactory to both the white and Negro races 
and to have Memphis an ideal place in which to live. 

We ask you to stand with the Committee in an endeavor to secure for the 
Negroes a square deal at the hands of all employers and public officials, in 
particular as relates to — 

(a) The segregation laws (to which there is no objection as to the laws 
but complaints as to the manner of enforcement). 

(b) The collection of poll taxes, road taxes, the handling of garnish- 
ments, etc. 

(c) The "Loan Shark Evil." 

(d) The enforcement of sanitary laws. 

(e) The creation of better housing conditions. 

(f) Park facilities. 

(g) Better schools, especially along vocational lines. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 63 



The Atlanta Plan of Inter-Racial Co-operation. 

For a great many years the spirit of cooperation in matters of common 
interest has been active among the Christian people in Atlanta. This spirit 
found outlet through the Evangelical Ministers' Association, the records of 
which Association show the thorough practicability of interdenominational 
endeavor. 

In recent years the Executive Committee of the Men and Religion Forward 
Movement in conjunction with the Evangelical Ministers' Association furnished 
a medium through which splendid accomplishments were realized through 
cooperative Christian effort; notably among which was the abolishment of 
Atlanta's Red Light District. 

In 1916 this Executive Committee was succeeded by the Committee on 
Church Cooperation, upon which were appointed annually representatives 
from the ministry and laity of each of the Evangelical denominations. 

The membership of this Committee is divided into Standing Committees, 
as follows: Racial Relationship, Civic Betterment, Law Enforcement, Educa- 
tion, Evangelism, Industrial Relations, Legislation, Public Presentation and 
Finance. 

The Christian Council — constituency and organization — is represented 
by several religious bodies, such as The Evangelical Ministers' Association, 
with a membership of all the ministers of Atlanta and environs; the Congre- 
gational and Religious Institutional representation consists of a pastor and 
two Lay Representatives from each constituent congregation, who are appointed 
in regular form by the congrgation; a general secretary of the Y. M. C. A., and 
a general secretary of the Y. W. C. A., and three counsellors from the Salva- 
tion Army, and others. The affairs of the Christian Council are administered 
by six officials, with sub-committees composing the Executive Committee, 
Standing Committees, and Commissions. These committees look after the 
Religious Work, Racial Relationship, Industrial and Economic, Civic and 
Women's Work. 

There is a committee of Negroes paralleling the white committees. Their 
Committee on Church Cooperation is organized and successfully at work. 

The general committees hold weekly meetings separately and joint 
meetings once a month. In the interim between joint meetings, any matters 
requiring immediate action are handled by joint meetings of the appropriate 
sub-committees. By means of these committees rumors of race clashes have 
been investigated and quieted. A junior High School has been secured for 
Negro pupils. A tract of land has been bought and presented to the city, to 
be developed into a park for the Negroes. The Chief of Police is cooperating 
heartily in bettering conditions, in certain sections. 

The local street railway company cooperates by using its paper, "Two 
Bells" as a means of creating a spirit of justice and courtesy on the part of 
both races. The officials of the Terminal station are making every effort to 
provide more comfortable traveling facilities for the Negroes. The Board of 



64 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Education is responding to the appeals of the Christian Council and have 
materially increased the salaries of all colored teachers, and through the plan 
of both races facing the problems that are common to all, it is hoped that 
the solution of a great many have been solved. 

In the work of the Christian Council, each congregation has been re- 
quested to appoint two Counsellors from the laity (one of whom may be a 
woman), who, with the pastor, may represent them upon the Christian 
Council of Atlanta. Through conference and surveys, made from time to time, 
the program of the Council is determined. These Counsellors are without 
power to commit their congregations to any program; but the information 
gathered, and the recommendations of the Council are through the Counsellors 
carried to their congregations for such action as may by them be deemed 
wise. Fifty-six congregations have appointed their Counsellors. The organiza- 
tion is being duplicated by the Negroes, and it is confidently believed that by 
thus bringing together a larger number of Christian leaders of both races, 
a much more thorough and effective work will be accomplished. 

The officers of the two organizations in the Atlanta plan of work are as 
follows: 

Committee on Church Co-operation — Atlanta, Ga. 

OFFICERS 

John J. Eagan, Chairman 3rd National Bank, Atlanta, Ga. 

James Morton, Secretary 311 Y. M. C. A. Bldg, Atlanta, Ga. 

J. V. Wellborn, Treasurer c-o Davison-Paxon Stokes Co., Atlanta, Ga. 

Organized Sept. 1, 1916. 

Christian Council of Atlanta — 311 Y. M. C. A. Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. 

OFFICERS 

D. K. Matheson, President Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. 

James Morton, Secretary-Treasurer 311 Y. M. C. A. Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. 

Organized October, 1919. 

New Orleans, La. 

Colored Civic League of New Orleans — Pythian Temple Bldg., New 
Orleans, La. 

OFFICERS 

P. H. V. Dejoie, M. D., President United Life Ins. Co., New Orleans, La. 

A. E. Perkins, Vice-President McDonogh No. 6 School, New Orleans, La. 

W. W. Hadnot, Secretary Pythian Temple Bldg., New Orleans, La. 

Arnold Moss, Treasurer Geddes & Moss Und. Co., New Orleans, La. 

Organized October 1919 and chartered December 15, 1919, as a result 
of the Inter-Racial Committee work under the auspices of the Y. M. C. A. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 65 

Reconstruction Work; the present secretary, W. W. Hadnot, being the present 
secretary of the League. Its object is to promote industrial development, 
business enterprise, community work, civic pride, racial press service; to raise 
the standard of living among colored people and to promote a spirit of co- 
operation between races through its organization and other similar agencies. 
Similar leagues exist in several other Louisiana cities, Shreveport, Lake Charles, 
and Baton Rouge. 

The efforts of the League have principally been directed toward putting 
the minds of the people in an attitude to do effective work. The membership 
has reached three hundred to the present time, June, 1920, but this represents 
only a very small portion of the 116,000 Negroes of the city. 

The following is a brief summary of the working principles of the 
Colored Civic League: 

Such an organization should concern itself with the greater industrial 
and business development. It should concern itself with the greater develop- 
ment of community work. Day nurseries and kindergartens should be fostered 
to prevent the care of smaller children interfering with school attendance. 
Charity organizations should be provided to relieve the poor and to prevent 
the lack of necessaries of life interfering with school attendance, and Travelers' 
Aid Associations should be inaugurated to care for colored girls coming into 
the city, as these colored girls are the least protected members of society. 
Employment Bureaus should be established to match properly employer and 
employee, and parks and play-grounds should be provided to furnish amuse- 
ment for adults and physical development for children. Y. M. C. A.'s and 
Y. W. C .A's. should be opened to furnish young men and young women 
facilities for recreation, education, business training and religion not furnished 
by existing institutions. Truant officers should be employed to help put in school 
the 15,000 colored children now out, and it should concern itself with the 
payment of poll taxes, since the poll tax is a financial support to the city's 
educational program. 

The League should concern itself with the development of greater civic 
pride; the building of homes should be encouraged; the standard of living 
should be raised; the community sense should be heightened; education for 
community responsibilities should proceed through public lectures and dis- 
cussions. It should concern itself with the greater development of press 
facilities for advertising the constructive and progressive side of the Negro. 
The benefits of such an organization cannot be measured in dollars and cents, 
for it will start a new order and constitute a memorial to those who participate 
in it. A certificate of membership will bring concentration of effort, advertise- 
ment of advantages, and more respect from the white race. It will offer a 
chance for association and for interchange of ideas which does not now exist 
in the community; it will produce trained social service workers; it will 
arouse greater ambition among young colored people, thereby bringing a 
greater supply of trained help to the colored businss man. 

* 

It will give desirable publicity to all who do business with the public, 
and will lead inevitably to opportunities for safe and profitable investment- 
of small savings. 



66 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Louisville, Ky. 

Presbyterian Colored Mission — Louisville, Ky. 

OFFICERS 

John Little 618 Floral Ter., Louisville, Ky. 

Dr. W. H. Sheppard 516 E. Breckinridge St., Louisville, Ky. 

Organized for moral and religious training, and to teach moral and 
religious and industrial lessons to colored boys and girls. It works through 
local organizations and through paid agents. Louisville is the territory 
served and its income is derived from public donations through the Welfare 
League. Great good has been accomplished along the lines of work under- 
taken. 

• 

Every day, except Sunday, there is a sewing class, to which all ages are 
admitted. Little girls learn the stitches, older girls learn to make their 
own clothes, mothers and grandmothers sew for their families. Cooking 
schools are conducted, and canning clubs opened. During one summer 
twenty-five hundred quarts of fruits and vegetables were canned by women 
who came to the Mission. The mending of old shoes is also a portion of the 
work, being in charge of a graduate from Tuskegee Institute. The first play- 
ground in Louisville for colored children was started in the side yard of the 
Mission. Bath houses, knitting, Red Cross work, are maintained and concerts 
and all kinds of wholesome entertainments are given at the Mission house, 
and the doors are constantly open, inviting the people into its wholesome 
atmosphere. 

Louisville, Ky. 

Plymouth Settlement House — 1226 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. 

OFFICERS 

Rev. E. G. Harris 2110 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. 

V. L. Cooper 2124 Magazine St., Louisville, Ky. 

Incorporated in 1914, "to reach the unreached." Its object is to be a 
recreational center with industrial lessons, and religious training. It is an 
organization of the Congregational Church, and has two paid agents. The 
west end of Louisville is the territory served, and is financed by the Welfare 
League of Louisville. The attendance has greatly increased since its inaugura- 
tion. Classes in cooking and general domestic work such as sewing, millinery, 
etc., are taught. 

Louisville, Ky. 

Colored Orphan Home — 18th and Dumesniel Sts., Louisville, Ky. 

OFFICERS 

Rev. E. G. Harris 2110 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. 

Mrs. Ellen Taylor 1300 W. Broadway, Louisville, Ky. 

Organized in 1880, to provide for orphan children. It works through 
publicity and through local organizations. It employs only one paid agent; 
all others connected with the Home do voluntary service. It serves the state 
of Kentucky, and is supported by voluntary subscriptions. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 67 



Louisville, Ky. 

Sunshine Center — 1023 W. Madison St., Louisville, Ky. 

OFFICERS 

Rev. W. P. Offutt 2530 St. Xavier St., Louisville, Ky. 

Mrs. L. Simmons 1014 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. 

Organized 1913, to promote moral and religious welfare of the people 
"To reach the unreached." It works through Sunday schools, recreation and 
industrial centers; also through local organizations. Has two paid agents. 
The west end 'of the city is the territory served, and derives its income from 
the local Baptist churches. The work has grown perceptibly during the past 
three years. 

Charlotte, N. C. 

A variety of activities are undertaken for the colored people. The 
Charity Commission has organized a colored auxiliary with H. L. McCrory, 
of Biddle University, President, and J. R. Hemphill, 231 Trade Street, Secre- 
tary. Also, there is a colored auxiliary with the Associated Charities, with 
headquarters in the auditorium building. There is an Inter-Racial Committee, 
with J. B. Ivey, Chairman, and D. L. Probert, Secretary. There is a Better 
Boys Movement, with Mrs. R. A. Dunn, Chairman of Board of Managers, and 
Thos. C. Goodwin, colored, President, 702 South Davidson Street. There is a 
branch of the War Camp Community Service, Henry Houston, Director, East 
Second Street. There is the Good Samaritan Hospital, with Mrs. M. Murphy, 
President of the Board of Managers, and there is a Carnegie branch Library. 
The Young Men's Christian Association is conducting a night school for 
illiterates. 

Hattiesburg, Miss. 

Community Service — Hattiesburg, Miss. 

OFFICERS 

H. S. Stevens Hardy St., Hattiesburg, Miss. 

J. A. Kinnard, (colored) Mobile St., Hattiesburg, Miss. 

Dr. Young Hattiesburg, Miss. 

This organization is the successor of the War Camp Community Service, 
established at Hattiesburg during the war, for the Negro soldiers, similar to 
the work for white soldiers. A committee of white citizens raises the mon<-\ 
with which to pay a secretary to carry on this work. There is a lease on a 
two-story brick building, which contains shower baths, a reading room, and 
a large hall where games can be played. A small canteen is also operated. 
The receipts from the building, with donations from the Negroes, met the ex- 
penses of operating the building. 



68 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Fort Worth, Texas. 

City Relief Association — 832^4 Monroe St., Fort Worth, Texas. 

OFFICERS 

F. R. Barnwell 1328 Louisiana Ave., Ft. Worth, Texas 

Rev. A. L. Boone 1020 Humboldt St., Ft. Worth, Texas 

Mrs. L. B. Lane 923 Irma St., Ft. Worth, Texas 

Mrs. Ella Brooks 708 E. Rosedale St., Ft. Worth, Texas 

The Colored Welfare Department is a part of the City Relief Association, 
whose specific work is among needy Negroes of the city. It cooperates with the 
Colored Women's Federated Missionary Society to obtain homes for delin- 
quent colored girls. It works through the daily press, by means of bulletins, 
etc. It also works through schools, churches, Y. M. C. A., and Y. W. C. A., 
hospitals and all public institutions. It has no paid agents. The city at 
large is served by this institution, and its income is obtained through public 
subscriptions. 

Since the organization of the Welfare Board among colored people, 
health campaigns have been waged regularly, and special clinics held. Over 
$1,000 was raised by the Federal Missionary Society of colored women to make 
the first payment on a home for the organization. This home will be used for 
delinquent colored girls, where trades will be taught, wholesome recreation 
provided and especial effort made to have each woman cared for enlist in 
Christian work, or at least to show a disposition to following Christian teach- 
ings. A city nurse is also employed to look after the poor of the city who 
unfortunately fall victims to disease, and special attention is given to the 
aged and children. 

Fort Worth, Texas. 

Booker T. Washington Branch A. R. C. — Fort Worth, Texas. 

OFFICERS 

F. Rivers Barnwell 1328 Louisiana Ave., Ft. Worth, Texas 

S. H. Fowler 1009 Humboldt St., Ft. Worth, Texas 

D. A. Oliver 1151 New York Ave., Ft. Worth, Texas 

Rev. M. K. Curry 908 E. Rosedale St., Ft. Worth, Texas 

This branch was first organized for the purpose of doing specific work 
among the Negro soldiers during the war. Its present object is to conserve 
the health in the city and county and to help promote work begun by any 
worthy organization for ex-service men. Its publicity work is conducted 
through the daily press, and through the Forth Worth and Tarrant County 
Chapters. It pays county nurses, and Tarrant County is the territory it serves. 
Membership fees and entertainments furnish its source of income. 

This organization is a branch of the Ft. Worth and Tarrant County Chap- 
ters A. R. C, consisting of its own colored officers, who work through the 
parent branch. During the war membership drives were successfully con- 
ducted, securing a membership of several thousand. Comfort Clubs were 
formed to do canteen service for colored soldiers. Schools and sewing circles 
made many hundred garments for Negro soldiers. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 69 

After the close of the war, several hundred dollars were still in the 
treasury. This was used to send a young woman to New York for training 
in social service and nursing. This woman is now at work in the county, giving 
advice and actual assistance to parents of diseased children. She works 
through schools, churches and homes. 

Montclair, N. J. 

Colored Home for the Aged — Montclair, N. J. 

OFFICERS 

S. G. Brown, President Hillside Ave., Irvington, N. J. 

Rev. R. D. Brown, Vice-President 25 Orleans St., Newark, N. J. 

J. M. Stoute, Treasurer 69 Academy St., Newark, N. J. 

Mrs. C. M. Lynch, Secretary 7 Arch St., Newark, N. J. 

Organized in 1873. A white person interested in aged Negroes left 
money for the establishment of this Home. Its object is to give aged Negroes 
a comfortable home with pleasant surroundings. It works through churches 
and lodges, and has three paid agents. All of Northern New Jersey is served 
by this organization. Funds are furnished for its maintenance through volun- 
tary subscriptions, and through a bequest. Has been a haven of rest to the 
aged of both sexes since its establishment. 

Montclair, N. J. 

Good Samaritan Orphanage and Home — 252 Riverside Ave., Mont- 
clair, N. J. 

OFFICERS 

Rev. C. J. Wilcher, President 598 North Fifth St., Montclair, N. J. 

Rev. H. K. Spearman, Vice-President 94 Union St., Montclair, N. J. 

C. L. Nevins, Treasurer 68 Brunswick St., Montclair, N. J. 

J. 0. Taylor, Secretary 106 Wicliffe St., Montclair,N. J. 

Organized about 1910, to provide good environment for orphan children. 
It takes in others, however, on a boarding home plan. It works through 
churches and other organizations; has two paid agents, and serves all of 
northern New Jersey. It is supported by public subscriptions, from donations 
from churches, and charges for boarders. 

Jersey City, N. J. 

Organized Aid Association of Jersey City — 76 Montgomery St., New 
Jersey. 

OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

Mr. George R. Beach President 

Mr. George F. Perkins First Vice-President 

Mrs. Henry E. Niese Second Vice-President 

Mrs. William D. Edwards Third Vice-President 



70 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Mrs. Brice Collard Financial Secretary 

Mr. Joseph A. Dear Treasurer 

Miss Blanche M. Perine General Secretary 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

Miss Margaret L. MacNaughton Miss Rosaline Towar 

Mr. Robert Anderson Mr. Robert Flemming 

Mr. Vreeland Tompkins 

Incorporated in 1898, this Association was endorsed by the State Com- 
missioner of Charities and Corrections July 1, 1919. 

During the year 1917-1918, the staff made 2,773 calls, and 1,668 visitors 
came to the office; in 1918-19, 1,888 calls were made and 1,463 visitors were 
at the office. Service, rather than relief, is the aim of this Association, its 
belief is that relief alleviates only for the present, but social work cures and 
prevents — it cares for the future. A Social Service Exchange has been 
created by this agency. 

Jersey City, N. J. 

Community Center — 62 Harrison St., Jersey City, N. J. 

OFFICERS 

Robt. Hargrove, President 288 Whiton St., Jersey City, N. J. 

Thos. Wheeler, Secretary 
Thos. Cadmus, Treasurer 

Organized February 1, 1920, to arouse a community interest among 
colored people, to furnish social activities, to create race interest locally, and 
to provide social life for the young. It works through publicity, through local 
organizations and two paid agents. The Hudson territory is served by this 
agency, and its source of income is received from voluntary subscriptions. 

It is a stabilized organization; it has succeeded in creating a community 
interest; it has enlarged its membership and secured subscribers. 

Pensacola, Fla. 

Pensacola Community Service — 27-29 E. Romana St., Pensacola, Fla. 

OFFICERS 

Morris Levy, Chairman American National Bank Bldg., Pensacola, Fla. 

C. F. Zeek, Vice-Chairman Pensacola Gas Co., Pensacola, Fla. 

George W. Howe, Treasurer. . .American National Bank Bldg., Pensacola, Fla. 

Organized February 1,1920, to continue activities of War Camp Com- 
munity Service, which ceased local operation on January 31st, 1920. The 
object is to promote better citizenship, better athletics, better playground 
facilities; to render service to ex-service men, and any other service that will 
be of benefit to the community. Its special purpose is: Recreation, service 
and education for all the people of the city, regardless of age, sex or religion. 

Announcements are made of coming events through newspapers, by verbal 
announcements, on bulletin boards in community centers, and it has a Bureau 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 71 

of Community Centers, free to everyone. It assists any organization of worth 
that needs assistance, and cooperates with all organizations. W. H. Abernathy, 
Executive Secretary, is head of the Community Service work in Pensacola; 
Bertha Lichten, Assistant Secretary, has charge of all girls' and women's 
activities for Community Service, and Leo A. Waters, is playground supervisor. 
The entire city is served by this organization. It is supported principally 
by Pensacola merchants. 

This agency maintains a club for service men where a bed can be obtained 
for twenty-five cents a night. It provides shower baths, lavatories, a canteen 
where a small profit is charged; reading, writing and pool tables are in 
the club for the use of the men. It is the A. L. A. representative for merchant 
marine boats; has a checking room, information bureau, community center 
auditorium for use of organizations and individuals, headquarters for the 
American Legion, and other organizations having no meeting place. It is 
non-political and non-sectarian. It promotes singing in the community, the 
drama, playgrounds, and all community activities. It has a room registry, 
a welcome station for strangers in the city, ladies' rest and dressing rooms, 
and a very active group, or several groups, of girls doing constructive com- 
munity work. It furnishes entertainment for service and ex-service men, and 
has carefully regulated entertainments for the naval men stationed in Pensacola 
and visiting fleets. 

Chicago, 111. 

Chicago Commission on Race Relations — 118 N. La Salle St., Chicago, 
Illinois. 

OFFICERS 

Edgar A. Zancroft, Chairman Chicago, III. 

F. W. Shepardson. Vice-Chairman Springfield, 111. 

Graham R. Taylor, Executive Secretary Chicago, 111. 

Charles S. Johnson Chicago, 111. 

Organized August 20, 1919. Following the race riots of July 26-30, 1919, 
in Chicago, citizens and civic organizations requested Governor Lowden to 
appoint the Commission. Its object is to study and report on the facts of 
the riot and upon the broad question of relations between the Negro and white 
races of Chicago. Its report and recommendations when published will be 
made public. Much cooperation fro?:^ local organizations is being rendered 
in the investigation of the cause of t 1 riots, and it is hoped that all organiza- 
tions will assist in carrying out whatever recommendations the Commission 
may make. The Commsision ha a stafT of twenty paid employes, fifteen of 
whom are investigators in the field. Chicago is the field benefitted by this 
organization, and it is supported by a ooperating committee of Chicago's 
citizens. 

The Chicago race riot and the appointment of the Commission came 
after the adjournment of Legislature. There was no way, therefore, in which 
to secure an appropriation of public funds. This factor very seriously de- 
layed the work of the Commission, for the members felt that they did not 
wish to be put in the position of soliciting funds. It was not until January 



72 INTER-RACTAL COOPERATION 



1920, that a volunteer committee of citizens offered to raise the budget for 
the Commission's work. As soon as money was available, the staff of inves- 
tigation was organized. Inquiries are being carried forward under the follow- 
ing committees, each composed of three members of the Commission: 

Committee on Racial Clashes. 

Committee on Housing. 

Committee on Industry. 

Committee on Crime and Police Administration. 

Committee on Racial Contacts. 

Committee on Public Opinion. 

The field of inquiry under each of these Committees is indicated as follows: 

Committee on Racial Clashes: To study the facts of the Chicago riot; 
antecedent clashes, neighborhood antagonisms; acts of violence. 

Committee on Housing: To study Negro residential areas and their 
expansion; types of homes; rents; sanitation; property values; depreciation; 
plans for increased housing to meet demands of growing population; recreation 
facilities and community agencies in Negro residential areas as compared 
with white residential areas. 

Committee on Industry: To study the industries employing Negroes; 
expansion of opportunities in industry; relative locations of work places and 
homes; wages; attituude of employers and fellow-employees toward Negro 
workmen; efficiency of Negroes; opportunities for advancement; organized 
labor in relation to the Negro. 

Committee on Crime and Police Administration: To study types of law- 
lessness in white and Negro groups; facts of Negro crime and delinquency; 
environment in relation to crime; comparison of Negro and white offenses; 
treatment of Negro offenders; unenforced laws and ordinances. 

Committee on Racial Contact: To study discrimination in schools, parks 
and other public places; instances of peaceable adjustment of Negroes in 
other cities; local situations or events involving potential conflicts; suggestive 
laws in other states or communities promotive of good race relations. 

Committee on Public Opinion: To study the publications of mislead- 
ing information and inflammatory language in both the white and Negro press; 
the spread of rumor; and, on the other hand, the ways in which public opinion 
can be educated toward a spirit of tolerance and cooperation. 

These important lines of work are being undertaken with the assistance 
of a staff of trained investigators, both white and colored, and the cooperation 
of many educational, governmental and volunteer social agencies, such as 
the University of Chicago, the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, 
various departments of the City State and Federal governments, the Associa- 
tion of Commerce, the City Club, the Crime Commission, the Woman's City 
Club, the Urban League, and the various social settlements. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 73 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

OFFICERS 

J. H. Robinson, Ex. Sec Ninth Street Branch Y. M. C. A., Cincinnati, Ohio 

Cincinnati has a Council of Social Agencies which is a federation of all 
or most of the agencies in the city undertaking welfare work. With this 
Council and as an integral part of it, works the Negro Civic Welfare Associa- 
tion, the work of which is divided into two departments, one for the coordina- 
tion and promotion, and the other for administration. 

The first, or Promotion Department, is undertaking definite work along 
the following lines: 

(a^ Adult delinquency. 

(b) Juvenile delinquency. 

(c) Industrial welfare. 

(d) Registry of housing conditions. 

(e) Placement of orphan children. 

(f) Travelers' aid. 

(g) Day nurseries. 

There are three child-caring agencies, two homes for the aged, two homes 
for young women, A. Y. M. C. A., and Y. W. C. A., and the colored 
departments of eight white agencies, united in forming the United Negro Civic 
Welfare Committee. 

The Board of Health, Visiting Nurses Association, Associated Charities, 
Better Housing League, Social Hygiene Society, Juvenile Protective Association, 
House Registry Bureau, each employ one or more Negro workers. 

The work seems to be well organized and much progress is reported. 



74 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



WORK OF THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 



Birmingham, Ala. 
Little Rock, Ark. 
Wilmington, Del. 
Washington, D. C. 
Jacksonville, Fla. 
Miami, Fla. 
Pensacola, Fla. 
Tampa, Fla. 
Atlanta, Ga. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Columbus, Ga. 
Macon, Ga. 
Moultrie, Ga. 



Chi 



111. 



ncago, 
Bowling Green, 
Frankfort, Ky. 
Lexington, Ky. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Baton Rouge, La. 
Bonani, La. 



Ky. 



Baltimore, Md. 
Jackson, Miss. 
Meridian, Miss. 
Charlotte, N. C. 
Durham, N. C. 
Kannapolis, N. C. 
Wilmington, N. C. 
Charleston, S. C. 
Ware Shoals, S. C. 
Bristol, Tenn. 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Memphis, Tenn. 
Dallas, Texas 
Fort Worth, Texas 
Houston, Texas 
Lynchburg, Va. 
Norfolk, Va. 
Petersburg, Va. 
Richmond, Va. 
Bluefield, W. Va. 
Martinsburg, W. Va. 



The \oung Men's Christian Association has a colored men's department, 
which is listed under the religious organizations, but it seems wise to give a 
brief running account of activities in various cities fostered by the Young 
Men's Christian Association. 

In additional to the account here given in various cities, there has been 
a very aggressive work carried on by the colleges throughout the South for the 
study of race problems under the direction of Dr. W. D. Weatherford, of 
Nashville, Tennessee. Growing out of this work quite a large number of 
colleges throughout the South have introduced racial problems into their 
studies on Sociology, and special conferences are being held each summer 
at Blue Ridge, North Carolina, for the advanced study of such problems. While 
not being entirely inclusive, this will indicate the general work undertaken by 
the city Associations. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 75 



Birmingham, Ala. 

Birmingham has an Inter-Racial Committee which takes up problems 
relating to the races and confers and advises with the colored men as to the 
best solution of these problems, and cooperates with them in dealing with 
parties related to the problems. 

It also has two Industrial Associations serving both white and colored 
men with the regular Association program. A special secretary was employed 
for eight months during the year 1919, who gave his entire time to the colored 
men of the city, working in the churches, schools, and communities, promoting 
Association programs, and aiding in other ways the pastors and the churches 
as well as the schools along health and sanitary lines, as well as educational 
and religious activities. 

Little Rock, Ark. 

Have assisted in campaign to equip lot for Negro Y. M. C. A. 

Wilmington, Del. 

Expect to put a colored secretary in the field and to aid in leasing a 
building for colored men and boys. During the summer of 1920 swimming 
lessons will be given to Negro boys in one of the city pools. 

Washington, D. C. 

There is a well equipped Colored Branch in Washington which has been 
serving the community for over seven years. In addition to the regular staff 
of city secretaries, they also have at the Colored Branch two secretaries en- 
gaged in demobilization work, with special relation to disabled ex-service 
men. Quite a number of colored men still in uniform are patients at the 
Walter Reed Hospital and St. Elizabeth. The latter hospital is dealing very 
largely with shell-shocked cases and others having serious affections of the 
mind other than the body. 

On account of the different character of the City of Washington from 
other cities, the need of an industrial secretary has not as yet been felt; 
though the secretaries who are engaged in demobilization work are in a 
measure covering the industrial field as well as the administration to sick 
and disabled men. 

Young Men's Christian Association — Jacksonville, Fla. 

OFFICERS 

J. M. Braxton, President Jacksonville, Fla. 

W. A. Lloyd, General Secretary Jacksonville, Fla. 

R. B. J. Campbell, Colored Secretary Jacksonville, Fla. 

This Association is a branch of Central Association (white), of Jackson- 
ville. The purpose for which this Association was established was the spiritual, 
mental, physical and social welfare of Negro men and boys. It furnishes clubs, 
playgrounds, Bible classes, juvenile courts, etc. It has one paid colored 



76 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



executive Secretary. Its purpose is to serve the Negro men and boys of 
Jacksonville, and is supported by the City Association (white), and mem- 
berships and donations from the Negroes. 

Miami, Fla. 

The Miami Association has contributed $1,000 toward the maintenance 
of a Colored Branch. They have rented quarters and engaged a secretarv who 
consults with the Association General Secretary once a week. Shower baths 
have been put in for the members, and an equipped playground. The work is 
especially successful among smaller boys, for whom two Bible classes are 
conducted. Unusually difficult problems confront the Association in Miami, 
as sixty percent, of the Negro population are Nassau Negroes — British subjects 
— and anti-American. 

Tampa, Fla. 

In this city a Council was formed of the leading white citizens, including 
the Mayor, and several representative Negroes, which meets frequently. The 
Negroes are successfully supported in their demands for better schools, and 
better housing, and an effort is being made to secure better hospital facilities 
for them. They are sustained also in their efforts to secure equal justice in 
the courts and everything is being done to prevent possible race clashes. 

Pensacola, Fla. 

A meeting has been held with a half dozen of the most influential repre- 
sentative Negroes of the city present, with a view of organizing an Association 
for them. The Negroes are very much interested in the work of the Associa- 
tion and it is hoped in the near future to be able to organize them into a 
community work with a view of a building later on. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

The Atlanta Association is doing a very distinctive piece of work for the 
colored people of the community as part of its city-wide program. The 
Branch building for the young Negro men and boys, costing over $150,000, 
was opened on May 16, 1920, and in less than a month after its opening had 
enrolled 1,165 men and 480 boys, making a total membership of 1,645. The 
Executive Staff of the Association is making a very important contribution 
to the welfare of the colored people of Atlanta. 

Augusta, Ga. 

The Association in Augusta assisted in the raising of $500 for the 
"Welcome Home" celebration for colored soldiers. There is also an Inter- 
Racial Committee organized. 

Columbus, Ga. 

The colored people of this city have a Y. M. C. A., which serves their 
race quite well, receiving but little help from the white people of the com- 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 77 



munity. This was one of the first colored Association buildings in America, 
and was made possible by a gift from Mr. George Foster Peabody. The work 
is self-sustaining, or practically so, although it is under the direction of the 
regular board. Larger efforts are planned for the future. 

Macon, Ga. 

The Y. M. C. A. of Macon has been doing religious work in various shops 
for colored people at the noon hour services. They congregate at the same 
time with the white people. The speakers make their talk to all alike. Some- 
times there are as many as twenty-five requests for prayer at one mixed 
service. When a speaker asks at the close of a service that any who desire 
to live a life for Christ come forward and give their hand, the colored men 
respond as well as the whites. 

Mass meetings are held in churches, halls, and a Sunday mass meeting 
held with the State Secretary to lead. A voluntary gift was made of one 
thousand dollars from a Macon Negro. The President of the Macon Y. M. C. A. 
is very much interested in the colored men of Macon, and he has met in 
several conferences with various committees and invited the colored men 
to meet at the special rooms at the City Association. 

Moultrie, Ga. 

Help in given the colored people by the Y. M. C. A. in filling out their 
claims against the government for allotment, etc. Testaments are also dis- 
tributed among the boys. 

Bowling Green, Ky. 

The Educational Service work is doing some excellent things in Bowling 
Green. A small equipment at the Negro "Y", carries forward a meagre work. 

Frankfort, Ky. 

The work for the colored population of Frankfort is cared for by the 
State Colored Work secretaries of the Y. M. C. A. Their work is carried 
on through a committee of colored men and through schools and joint meetings 
of colored and white men occasionally held in the Frankfort Y. M. C. A. 
Inter-racial problems are discussed, and a standing committee has been ap- 
pointed with Hon. H. V. McChesney (white), as chairman. This committee 
is composed of both white and black, and is to consider problems and con- 
ditions relative to inter-racial relationships. 

Lexington, Ky. 

A colored secretary is in charge of the Negro work in this city. He 
was brought here for the summer of 1920, but if the plan proves successful 
he will be kept permanently. 

Louisville, Ky. 

An industrial secretary has been employed in the Colored Branch at 
Louisville, and the work is growing. 



73 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



Baton Rouge, La. 

It is felt in Baton Rouge that there is no particular need of an Inter- 
Racial Organization as the Negroes feel they are receiving a "square deal" 
from the whites in schools, industry and in the courts. However, some efforts 
are being made toward improving the living conditions and a few other mat- 
ters that need attention. Five larger towns in the Association district near 
Baton Rouge have organized Inter-Racial Committees. 

Baltimore, Md. 

In January, 1919, a building for colored men and boys of the community 
was opened, which has about 1,100 members, and is proving to be a com- 
munity center. This building cost about $120,000. There is also a worker 
with the "boys in industry," in Baltimore in conjunction with the Association 
Industrial Department. This Association has also promoted a public bathing 
station and laundry for colored people. 

Bonami, La. 

The Young Men's Christian Association in Bonami has a colored mission 
building, equipped with various games and amusements. The General Secre- 
tary has supervision over the moving picture entertainments, and, in a 
general way, over the entire program. In addition to the recreational features, 
the building contains shower baths, restaurant, barber shop, etc. 

Jackson, Miss. 

The State Association under the leadership of B. W. Godfrey and B. 
Frank Brown, have organized the county into Inter-Racial Committees to 
care for any possible trouble in counties, and selecting teachers for summer 
schools. This Association works through publicity, local organizations and 
through paid agents. Arrangements are completed for illustrated lectures to 
last through the summer months. Developing county leadership is one of the 
purposes in view, by having some ex-service Negro teachers trained at the 
State's best summer schools. 

Meridian, Miss. 

Although no regular colored industrial worker has been employed, a 
night school for colored returned soldiers has been opened and is fairly suc- 
cessful. Cooperation is given the colored people of Meridian in all matters 
of general interest. 

Charlotte, N. C. 

An Inter-Racial Committee to aid the colored people has been organized 
in Charlotte. This committee will meet from time to time and will be the 
necleus for such advancement in the Association work as may be developed. 
Service has been rendered Biddle University for a number of years by 
furnishing them speakers of note from time to time. Service is also rendered 
the churches whenever called upon by the colored congregation. This service 
is much appreciated by the Negroes. ~ *f A 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 79 



Durham, N. C. 

Assistance has been given the colored people in organizing a colored 
Branch of the Y. M. C. A. in Durham. Advice and any other assistance is 
given them whenever requested, though no colored secretary has been employed. 

Kannapolis, N. C. 

A branch Y. M. C. A. for Negroes has been opened in Kannapolis, giving 
them full program. 

Wilmington, N. C. 

Eight years ago the colored Y. M. C. A. was organized. The purpose is to 
do for the colored men and boys what is being done for the white. Efforts are 
made for a Y "hut", which is recognized as the emergency work. During this 
year a lot with two small houses on it has been purchased, and a boys' secretary 
has been promised. 

Charleston, S. C. 

The Charleston Y. M. C. A. is supervising all activities for colored men 
through a colored full time secretary. At the present time( the summer of 
1920), a campaign for funds is being stimulated to erect a building for such 
a work in the city. The equipment used for this work is worth about $1,500. 

Ware Shoals, S. C. 

The Y. M. C. A. of Ware Shoals runs a motion picture show three nights 
a week for the colored people. The shows have been conducted on the same 
basis as the Y. M. C. A. shows and the results have been very satisfactory. 

Bristol, Tenn.-Va. 

The Association at Bristol is cooperating with the leaders of the Negro 
race through personal conferences, in committee meetings of white and colored 
men; have purchased a building site for a hospital for Negroes of the city, 
and representatives from two counties have agreed to serve on the Inter-Racial 
Committee for this community. 

Chattanooga, Tenn. 

T. M. Nixon, the Colored Industrial Secretary for the Chattanooga Associa- 
tion, is on the ground doing splendid work, teaching Bible classes, speakin 
at industrial plants, organizing playground activities, baseball meets, and 
games of all kinds. The work has produced great results. 



& 



Fort Worth, Texas 



In May 1919, a work among the colored ex-service men was established, 
with S. H. Fowler as Secretary. From May to September 1st, the work was 
entirely among ex-service men and during that time employment for more than 



30 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



500 ex-soldiers was secured. A religious and social program among them was 
conducted with some educational work. This work drew the attention of the 
whole colored population, and the demand for a permanent colored program 
became so insistent that the Board of Directors decided to establish permanently 
the colored work in Fort Worth. S. H. Fowler was made permanent Secretary, 
and the Colored Branch organized with a Committee of Management. 

Dallas, Texas 

During the year 1919 the Y. M. C. A. of Dallas has maintained a Colored 
Work Secretary, somewhat on the community basis, and is hoping to develop 
this work more effectually. It is felt that a good beginning has been made 
and some good results accomplished. 

Organizations maintained: Choral Club, Hi-Y Club, Hi-Y Bank, Employed 
Boys' Club, City Baseball League. 

Houston, Texas 

Have a colored community work that is doing a fine service among the 
Negro men and boys of Houston. This Board carries the salary of the Secre- 
tary, and the colored people raise as much more for other expenses. 

Lynchburg, Va. 

Inter-Racial Committee organized; shop meetings conducted, thrift cam- 
paigns inaugurated, savings clubs and health campaigns carried on, with 
stereopticon and motion picture shows. Friendly advice is also given, with 
the result of a better spirit being manifest between the two races. 

Petersburg, Va. 

Inter-Racial Committee has been organized to help the colored people 
of the community, and several sub-committees are at work dealing with hous- 
ing conditions, recreation, education, employment and causes of crime. Some 
of the leading Negro citizens have expressed a desire for a colored Y. M. C. A., 
and as this seems to be a real need, one may be organized in the near future. 

Norfolk, Va. 

A very attractive suburb of Norfolk was opened up several years ago by 
Mr. A. T. Stroud, for the colored people of Norfolk, known as Titustown. A 
number of attractive homes were sold to them at a moderate cost. The work 
then begun was greatly extended by the Government during the war. Norfolk 
has a Colored Association. 

Richmond, Va. 

There is a Colored Association in Richmond, located at Third and Leigh 
streets, with a colored General Secretary. A colored man works with the 
State Committee on the educational problems of returned soldiers. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 81 

Bluefield, W. Va. 

There is a Colored Association established at this point. 

Martinsburg, W. Va. 

The Association work for Negroes at Martinsburg has only been in con- 
nection with the ex-service men, helping them convert their insurance, secure 
travel pay and adjusting them in their problems in general. The only or- 
ganized work is with the colored Boy Scout Troops, under the supervision of 
the General Secretary. 

Memphis, Tenn. 

The Y. M. C. A. of Memphis is cooperating with the Industrial Division 
of the Chamber of Commerce in helping the Negroes secure additional park 
and playground facilities and in promoting a colored Orphanage and Old 
People's Home, and are also helping in the promotion of more cordial rela- 
tions between the races. 

Julius Rosenwald's Y. M. C. A. Fund — Chicago, 111. 

In 1910 Mr. Rosenwold offered to pay $25,000 to every community which 
within five years would raise by popular subscription the additional sum of at 
least $75,000 toward the cost of providing a fully equipped Y. M. C. A. 
building for colored men and boys. In some cases, for various reasons, time 
was extended, with the result that buildings have been erected and Mr. Rosen- 
wald has made payment of his share in the following cities: 

Washington Baltimore Cincinnati 

Chicago New York St. Louis 

Kansas City Indianapolis Atlanta 

Brooklyn Philadelphia Columbus 

Pittsburgh 

These thirteen structures, with land and equipment, cost a total of nearly 
$2,000,000, contributed as follows: 

By local whites $ 960,000- 48% 

B V local Negroes 282,500- 14% 

By Mr. Rosenwald 325,000- 17% 

From other sources 42 /,000 — 21% 

$1,995,000—100% 

In addition, because it was part of a general Y. M. C. A. campaign in 
New York City, Mr. Rosenwald extended his offer to the Y. W. C. A. there, with 
the result that $25,000 additional, and not included in the above computation, 
was paid for that enterprise. 

In 1916 Mr. Rosenwald supplied equipment for an automobile repair, 
school at the Wabash Avenue, or Colored Branch of the Y. M. C. A., in Chicago. 

In 1918 he helped you to meet the expenses of the Y. M. C. A. race 
campaign in Southern universities and colleges. 



82 INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 



THE INTER-RACIAL COMMISSION OF THE WAR WORK COUNCIL 
OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS 

This Commission sprang out of the needs for readjustments following 
the war, and due to strained relations between white and colored people — 
particularly returned soldiers of both races. The Commission is composed of 
white and colored men, including business men, professional men, college 
presidents and professors, and representatives of the leading denominations 

The first conception of this Commission was to help the colored ex-soldier 
readapt himself to his surroundings. This of necessity involved bringing about 
a proper relationship of white and black in the local communities. 

Immediately after the armistice a series of ten day schools were held to 
study community readjustments and the proper care of the returning soldier. 
The schools for white representaitves were held at Blue Ridge, North Carolina, 
under the leadership of W. D. Weatherford, where eight hundred and twenty- 
four men were trained in eight separate schools. The schools for colored lead- 
ers were held at Gammon Theological Seminary, in Atlanta, Georgia, under 
the leadership of W. W. Alexander, where 509 colored men were trained 
in five separate groups. 

About half of these men were ministers of the various denominations 
and a careful program for the follow up of soldiers through the churches was 
planned. Using these men thus trained, the Inter-Racial Commission con- 
ceived the plan of organizing in every county of the South, a county committee, 
usually composed of both white and colored men, though at times there 
were two committees, one of each race, which held occasional joint meetings. 

These county committees are undertaking to study the specific needs of 
our communities and so far as possible meet these needs. They are functioning 
in specific matters, such as justice before the law, adequate educational facili- 
ties, justice in public conveyances, economic justice, and handling any acute 
situation which arises between the races. 

There are 759 counties in which there are sufficient Negroes to justify 
organizing such committees, and already nearly six hundred of these counties 
have been organized. There are one or more white organizers in each state, 
and one or more colored organizers under the general dirction of the State 
Secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association. 

The Commission has an Executive Secretary, Mr. R. H. King, located in 
Atlanta, and a very active Chairman, Mr. John J. Eagan. The local committees 
have been of great service in preventing friction and in undertaking construc- 
tive measures in many cases. The following are some of the interesting 
examples: 

In one town in Georgia, the Committee prosecuted a Thrift Stamp Cam- 
paign. Cooperation was established between the Chamber of Commerce and 
colored Business Men's League to the advantage of both. Colored members 
of the Committee prevented race riot September 6, 1919, by silencing a Negro 
agitator who publicly advised Negroes to open a hardware store where they 
could buy firearms to protect themselves and get what they wanted. 



INTER-RACIAL COOPERATION 83 



In a Kentucky town for the first time in the history of the county, repre- 
sentatives of white and colored came together for a frank and full discussion 
of inter-racial problems. The white men expressed deep appreciation for the 
movement and spirit behind it and the colored men responded in similar spirit. 
Both local editors attended and endorsed the program. Churches, business 
interests, banking interests, including professional men were enlisted, also 
educational leaders. 

In Alabama, as an immediate result of the work of the Joint Committee, 
in one county new school building for Negroes has been assured. Housing, 
sanitation, health conditions and recreational facilities will all receive the 
Committee's attention. 

In another town, also in Alabama, the Committee has secured a com- 
modious school building for the Negroes. Certain injustices toward Negroes 
will be corrected. 



Dozens of other illustrations might be quoted. 















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